“…To overcome these drawbacks, many efforts have been carried out including deposition of noble metals, dye sensitization, metal cation doping, carbon and nitrogen doping [24] and morphology and structure control [41]. Positive effects on titania photoactivity can be pursued by doping with nonmetal elements like boron [42], carbon [43], nitrogen [44], fluorine [45] and iodine [46]. These dopants can either substitute oxygen in titanium dioxide lattice or occupy interstitial sites [47].…”