“…From a positive point of view, we could argue that their experience of moving to Portugal and integrating into Portuguese society was 'easier' due to shared language and some level of cultural familiarity, to the extent that host institutions tended to overlook their needs as international students (Ambrósio et al, 2017; see also Sin et al, 2019; see also Santos, 2020;Neto, 2021). Being more circumspect, we also observed that students from the former Portuguese African colonies were highly dependent on programmes created by the government of Portugal or home country administrations, with systematic problems reported about the late payment of scholarships, with waits of up to four months after the start of exchanges, and grants being pegged at levels insufficient to cover basic living cost (see also Ambrósio et al, 2017;Doutor & Alves, 2020). In fact, as we shall discuss, most of the costs of their education tended to be covered by parents or students through working in informal jobs (see also Jardim, 2013).…”