High-temperature-resistant silicon-polymer hybrid modulator operating at up to 200 Gbit s−1 for energy-efficient datacentres and harsh-environment applications

Lu, Guo-Wei; Hong, Jianxun; Qiu, Feng; Spring, Andrew M.; Kashino, Tsubasa; Oshima, Juro; Ozawa, Masa Aki; Nawata, Hideyuki; Yokoyama, Shiyoshi

doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18005-7

Cited by 105 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…When the BER is below the FEC threshold, commonly adopted codes can be applied to the data signals to dramatically enhance the BER, leading to an efficiency of 96.8%, thereby enabling a variety of potential practical applications. [41][42][43] As shown in Figure 4b, the BER was invariant to the received powers ranging from 80 to 240 µW at a rate of 1 Gbps. For data rates running from 5 to 9 Gbps, the BER improved with the enhanced signal power, as anticipated.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Flat Retroreflector Based on a Metasurface Doublet Enabling Reliable and Angle‐Tolerant Free‐Space Optical Link

Lee

Zhou

et al. 2021

Advanced Optical Materials

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networks, [1] augmented/mixed reality, [2] optical sensors, [3] and laser tracking. [4] For free-space optical communications in the case of wireless data transfer between mobile (e.g., aircrafts, ships, and satellites) and stationary terminals, both passive and active modulating retroreflectors have been extensively investigated. [5][6][7][8][9] The wavefront pertaining to geometrical optical devices is mediated by the accumulated phase shift over a relatively long propagation distance. [10,11] Therefore, conventional retroreflectors such as cat's eye and corner-cube types are particularly subject to shortcomings in terms of their bulky size, heavy weight, and nonplanar shape.Metasurfaces, incorporating specifically engineered subwavelength nanostructures, have been prevalently leveraged to tailor the phase, amplitude, polarization, and spectrum of light beams. [12][13][14] Metasurface-based devices based on nanoresonators allow for dispersion characteristics that are dictated mainly by the geometrical parameters and structural arrangement, and they facilitate facile wavefront manipulations unlike conventional geometrical optics-based components. [15][16][17][18][19] Recently, flat retroreflectors (FRRs) based on a singlet metasurface were proposed, providing merits with respect to their miniaturization and integration with other optic/electronic devices. [20,21] However, their limited angles of operation may constitute a concern to be solved. [22] To mitigate this, metasurface doublets (MDs), which are geared to render successive beam manipulations, have been actively studied. [23][24][25][26][27] For example, an MD-based retroreflector that render wide-angle retroreflections at a wavelength of 850 nm was proposed. [25] Compared with an 850-nm wavelength, which is mostly used for imaging and biometrics, [28] a 1550-nm wavelength in the C-band is unequivocally desirable for long-distance optical communications from the perspective of its minimal attenuation in optical fibers, good eye safety, and compatibility with an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). [29][30][31] To the best of our knowledge, there has been no report on the demonstration of a metasurface-based retroreflector for implementing free-space optical communications.In this paper, a reliable and highly angle tolerant optical link capitalizing on an MD-based FRR is proposed and demonstrated to operate in the telecommunications regime centered at λ = 1550 nm. The proposed MD incorporates arrayed hydrogenated

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Flat Retroreflector Based on a Metasurface Doublet Enabling Reliable and Angle‐Tolerant Free‐Space Optical Link

Lee

Zhou

et al. 2021

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…Despite their performance limitations, these all-silicon devices can be fabricated under the CMOS process, which provides a prerequisite for large-scale practical applications. In addition, more and more silicon-based hybrid modulators have been developed recently, such as silicon-based lithium niobate (LN) modulators, silicon-based polymer modulators, and silicon-based graphene modulators [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. These modulators rely on electro-optical (EO) effect of new materials and generally exhibit excellent performance, such as high bandwidth, high modulation efficiency, and extremely small footprint, but the manufacturing process is complex and is not compatible with the CMOS fabrication process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Silicon-Based Slow-Light Electro-Optic Modulators

et al. 2022

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As an important optoelectronic integration platform, silicon photonics has achieved significant progress in recent years, demonstrating the advantages on low power consumption, low cost, and complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility. Among the different silicon photonics devices, the silicon electro-optic modulator is a key active component to implement the conversion of electric signal to optical signal. However, conventional silicon Mach–Zehnder modulators and silicon micro-ring modulators both have their own limitations, which will limit their use in future systems. For example, the conventional silicon Mach–Zehnder modulators are hindered by large footprint, while the silicon micro-ring modulators have narrow optical bandwidth and high temperature sensitivity. Therefore, developing a new structure for silicon modulators to improve the performance is a crucial research direction in silicon photonics. Meanwhile, slow-light effect is an important physical phenomenon that can reduce the group velocity of light. Applying slow-light effect on silicon modulators through photonics crystal and waveguide grating structures is an attractive research point, especially in the aspect of reducing the device footprint. In this paper, we review the recent progress of silicon-based slow-light electro-optic modulators towards future communication requirements. Beginning from the principle of slow-light effect, we summarize the research of silicon photonic crystal modulators and silicon waveguide grating modulators in detail. Simultaneously, the experimental results of representative silicon slow-light modulators are compared and analyzed. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and development directions of silicon-based slow-light electro-optic modulators for the practical applications.

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“…Polymeric waveguide devices have been investigated since the development of high-speed modulators with electro-optic polymers 21 – 23 . Recently, fluorinated polymer materials with low optical loss have been developed for producing various photonic devices useful in optical communications and optical sensors, owing to their magnificent refractive index tuning capability 24 – 32 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compact solid-state optical phased array beam scanners based on polymeric photonic integrated circuits

Kim

Lee

Chun

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Optical phased array (OPA) devices are being actively investigated to develop compact solid-state beam scanners, which are essential in fields such as LiDAR, free-space optical links, biophotonics, etc. Based on the unique nature of perfluorinated polymers, we propose a polymer waveguide OPA with the advantages of low driving power and high optical throughput. Unlike silicon photonic OPAs, the polymer OPAs enable sustainable phase distribution control during beam scanning, which reduces the burden of beamforming. Moreover, by incorporating a tunable wavelength laser comprising a polymer waveguide Bragg reflector, two-dimensional beam scanning is demonstrated, which facilitates the development of laser-integrated polymeric OPA beam scanners.

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High-temperature-resistant silicon-polymer hybrid modulator operating at up to 200 Gbit s−1 for energy-efficient datacentres and harsh-environment applications

Cited by 105 publications

References 59 publications

Flat Retroreflector Based on a Metasurface Doublet Enabling Reliable and Angle‐Tolerant Free‐Space Optical Link

Flat Retroreflector Based on a Metasurface Doublet Enabling Reliable and Angle‐Tolerant Free‐Space Optical Link

Recent Progress in Silicon-Based Slow-Light Electro-Optic Modulators

Compact solid-state optical phased array beam scanners based on polymeric photonic integrated circuits

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