High Serum S100B Levels for Trauma Patients without Head Injuries

Abstract

Trauma, even in the absence of head trauma, results in high serum concentrations of S100B. Interpretation of elevated S100B concentrations immediately after multitrauma may be difficult because of extracerebral contributions. S100B may have a negative predictive value to exclude brain tissue damage after trauma. Similarly, nonacute S100B measurements may be of greater prognostic value than acute measurements.

Biomarkers for the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Evaluation of Treatment Efficacy for Traumatic Brain Injury

“…However, the levels of this protein are also increased in conditions such as ischemia to the liver, kidney, and gut, 16 after extracranial trauma 14 (Table continues) and burns. 17 Based on these reports, S100B may not have strong diagnostic value in the context of multi-trauma. da Rocha et al 147 evaluated serum levels of S100B in TBI patients either with or without trauma to other organs.…”

“…This has raised concerns as to whether the serum levels of this protein actually correlate with the degree of brain damage or are more reflective of blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Secondly, S100B has been reported to be released into the serum after experimental ischemic injury to the liver, kidney, and gut; 16 its levels have been found to have increased after extracranial trauma 14 and burns, 17 and it has been suggested to be a biomarker of melanoma. 18 Finally, conflicting reports have been published regarding the usefulness of this marker in predicting outcome after pediatric TBI.…”

Mind the gaps—advancing research into short-term and long-term neuropsychological outcomes of youth sports-related concussions

“…126 Indeed, S100B serum levels are elevated in adult trauma patients without head injury. [127][128][129] Other research suggests that initial post-concussion S100B levels are poor predictors of recovery. 130 As with all biomarkers, the role of S100B in TBI management in children is even less clear, 131 with some arguing that this marker has little diagnostic or prognostic utility in paediatric populations.…”

Significance of Elecsys® S100 immunoassay for real-time assessment of traumatic brain damage in multiple trauma patients

“…This hypothesis is well supported by the significant Pearson moment product correlations of S100 with CK and LDH serum levels in our study, especially in the first 24 h after trauma. S100 protein may be released in high amounts from peripheral adipocytes, bone marrow or skeletal muscle cells after major soft-tissue trauma, thoracic contusions without fractures (0.5-4 mg/L) or acute bone fractures (2-10 mg/L) (24,25), or from Langerhans cells in cases of pancreatic injury (13,37). Even minor body stress during sports, i.e., controlled running or heading, is supposed to lead to elevated S100 levels.…”

“…Small amounts of S100 protein have been found in white and brown fat tissue, skin, bone and skeletal muscle tissue, as well as in melanoma and glioblastoma cells (13,(19)(20)(21). Increased S100 levels were reported after coronary artery bypass grafting (22) or cardiac surgery (23), after bone fractures and thoracic contusions without fractures (24,25), and in cases of experimental hemorrhagic shock (26). Thus, the objective of our study was to analyze the diagnostic validity of early S100 serum levels using the Elecsys ᮋ S100 immunoassay in multiple trauma patients for real-time assessment of severe TBI.…”