High piezoelectricity of BaTiO₃–CaTiO₃–BaSnO₃ lead-free ceramics

Abstract

The ultrahigh converse piezoelectric coefficient d*33 = 1444 pm V−1 and strain 0.070%, which are the highest values reported so far in lead-free ceramics, were achieved at the component of multiphase coexistence, suggesting that the BaTiO3–CaTiO3–BaSnO3 system is a promising lead-free alternative material for electromechanical actuator applications.

Diffused Phase Transition Boosts Thermal Stability of High‐Performance Lead‐Free Piezoelectrics

“…For piezoelectrics, the real-time volume changes V can be resolved by measuring the longitude strain S 33 and transverse strain S 11 simultaneously (V = S 33 +2S 11 ). [28,44] Figure 7 shows the strain hysteresis with the concurrent electric-field-induced volume change V of as-sintered CZ5…”

“…Intriguingly, current material possesses nearly temperature-insensitive strain behavior up to 140 o C at an electric field of 5 kVmm -1 , the variation of which in the investigated temperature range is within ±10 % of its room-temperature value, being much better than other lead-free systems and also being comparable to the classical PZT4 ceramics (refer to Figure 1(d)). [2,[28][29][30] To uncover the underlying mechanism, herein, we focus on the influence of external justified by the fading of ferroelectric domain contrasts (shown in Figure 3) as well as the reduced lattice displacement [31] (refer to the evolution of (200) pseudocubic reflections with temperature in Figure 4). As outlined above, performance of piezoelectrics is strongly correlated with domain morphologies, particularly among which the nano-domains could extrinsically contribute to the enhanced piezoelectric properties.…”

“…[2, [28][29][30] To uncover the underlying mechanism, herein, we focus on the influence of external justified by the fading of ferroelectric domain contrasts (shown in Figure 3) as well as the reduced lattice displacement [31] (refer to the evolution of (200) pseudocubic reflections with temperature in Figure 4). As outlined above, performance of piezoelectrics is strongly correlated with domain morphologies, particularly among which the nano-domains could extrinsically contribute to the enhanced piezoelectric properties.…”

“…For piezoelectrics, the real-time volume changes V can be resolved by measuring the longitude strain S 33 and transverse strain S 11 simultaneously (V = S 33 +2S 11 ). [28,44] by controlling the applied electric field [5,6] in addition to the well-accepted approaches of composition, [1] stain, [9,10] stress, [31] and pressure. [45] Note that KNN is not a unique system presenting energetically parallel phases; it is frequently observed in many perovskite piezoelectrics because of the flexibility of perovskite structure.…”

Ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of (Ba<inf>0.7</inf>Ca<inf>0.3</inf>)(Ti<inf>1&#x2212;x</inf>Sn<inf>x</inf>)O<inf>3</inf> lead-free ceramics

“…% lead (Pb) therefore these materials are not eco-friendly in nature. Hence, there is an urgent need of the Pb free ferroelectric/piezoelectric materials which can give superior piezoelectric and electromechanical properties [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. In the recent times, lead free systems such as BaTiO 3 (BT), (Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 )TiO 3 and (K 0.5 Na 0.5 )NbO 3 based ceramics are recommended as an alternative for PZT.…”