High-performance ultraviolet-visible driven ZnO morphologies photocatalyst obtained by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method

Limited levels of UV exposure can be beneficial to the human body. However, the UV radiation present in the atmosphere can be damaging if levels of exposure exceed safe limits which depend on the individual the skin color. Hence, UV photochromic materials that respond to UV light by changing their color are powerful tools to sense radiation safety limits. Photochromic materials comprise either organic materials, inorganic transition metal oxides, or a hybrid combination of both. The photochromic behavior largely relies on charge transfer mechanisms and electronic band structures. These factors can be influenced by the structure and morphology, fabrication, composition, hybridization, and preparation of the photochromic materials, among others. Significant challenges are involved in realizing rapid photochromic change, which is repeatable, reversible with low fatigue, and behaving according to the desired application requirements. These challenges also relate to finding the right synergy between the photochromic materials used, the environment it is being used for, and the objectives that need to be achieved. In this review, the principles and applications of photochromic processes for transition metal oxides and hybrid materials, photocatalytic applications, and the outlook in the context of commercialized sensors in this field are presented.

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“…A schematic of the mechanism of photodegradation is presented in Figure 2b. The photocatalysis process occurs as follows (Equations ): [ 121 ]

\begin{matrix} Photocatalyst + h v \to Photocatalyst (e^{-} + h^{+}) \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} h^{+} + {normalH}_{2} O \to OH + {normalH}^{+} \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} e^{-} + {normalO}_{2} \to \cdot {normalO}_{2}^{-} \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} {normalO}_{2}^{-} + {normalH}_{2} O \to {normalH}_{2} {normalO}_{2} \to 2 OH \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} OH + dye \to {dye}_{ox} \end{matrix}

…”

Section: Basic Principles Of Photochromism In Transition Metal Oxides and Organic Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The morphology of ZnO structures can be modified with choice of fabrication methods and conditions, and its photocatalytic activity is in turn tunable through choice of morphology. [ 121,122,126,127 ]…”

Section: Photocatalysis Related Applications In Uv Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV Photochromism in Transition Metal Oxides and Hybrid Materials

Kayani

Kuriakose

Monshipouri

et al. 2021

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“…Furthermore, photocorrosion observed for pure ZnO was overcome, showing good stability as photocatalyst [89]. Different morphologies of ZnO (plates, rounded plates, brush-like, and 3-D flower-like) were prepared by MAH/S method, changing the precursor concentration, reaction time, temperature, and solvent [191]. The photocatalytic activity was studied under UV and visible illumination.…”

Section: Photocatalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerated microwave-assisted hydrothermal/solvothermal processing: Fundamentals, morphologies, and applications

2018

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This article is designed to serve as a roadmap for understanding the fundamentals, the key advantages and the potential applications of microwave-assisted hydrothermal/solvothermal (MAH/S) processing. MAH/S synthesis is a versatile chemical method for preparing a diversity of materials such as metals, semiconductors, electroceramics, graphene and their composites as bulk powders, thin films, or single crystals. The key to improve performance of these materials is achieving controlled morphologies (0 to 3D dimensionality) that favor desirable physical-chemical phenomena at the surface, and in the bulk of these advanced materials. The main features related to the improvement of the thermal and non-thermal effects associated with the use of microwave power concurrently with hydrothermal or solvothermal methods are discussed. Furthermore, the main crystal growth mechanisms (Ostwald ripening and oriented attachment) of these solids in solution under MAH/S treatment are described. Products synthesized by the MAH/S, particularly of interest in the development of gas sensors, batteries, fuel cells, solar cells and photocatalysts are emphasized. We conclude by envisaging new future directions for the use of this rapid and versatile processing approach.

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“…Nanometer ZnO is a multifunctional semiconductor material that is widely applied as a photocatalyst . ZnO photocatalyst is used to degrade organic pollutants in industrial wastewater .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO Toward the Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye: Effects of Fe³⁺ and Sn⁴⁺ Doping

Luo

et al. 2019

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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ZnO, Fe 0.01 ZnO, Sn 0.05 ZnO, and Fe 0.01 Sn 0.01 ZnO photocatalysts are prepared by a simple low-temperature solution method using Zn(NO 3 ) 2 , Fe(NO 3 ) 3 , SnCl 4 , and NaOH as raw materials. X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible diffusion spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy are performed to characterize the products. All doped ZnO samples exhibit enhanced photocatalytic activity compared with undoped ZnO toward methylene blue (MB) degradation. In particular, Sn 0.05 ZnO shows excellent performance among the doped samples. The degradation rate of MB by Sn 0.05 ZnO reaches 99.61% after 120 min of illumination, which is approximately 2.2 times as high as that by undoped ZnO (45.88%). A comparison of the photocatalytic activity of the samples reveals the effects of Fe 3þ and Sn 4þ doping on the photocatalytic performance of ZnO on the basis of the following aspects: formation of impurity level, particle size, and pore structure of catalyst, microstructural changes in the crystal, and action of doped ions.

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High-performance ultraviolet-visible driven ZnO morphologies photocatalyst obtained by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method

Cited by 37 publications

References 46 publications

UV Photochromism in Transition Metal Oxides and Hybrid Materials

UV Photochromism in Transition Metal Oxides and Hybrid Materials

Accelerated microwave-assisted hydrothermal/solvothermal processing: Fundamentals, morphologies, and applications

Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO Toward the Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye: Effects of Fe³⁺ and Sn⁴⁺ Doping

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High-performance ultraviolet-visible driven ZnO morphologies photocatalyst obtained by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method

Cited by 37 publications

References 46 publications

UV Photochromism in Transition Metal Oxides and Hybrid Materials

UV Photochromism in Transition Metal Oxides and Hybrid Materials

Accelerated microwave-assisted hydrothermal/solvothermal processing: Fundamentals, morphologies, and applications

Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO Toward the Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye: Effects of Fe3+ and Sn4+ Doping

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Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO Toward the Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye: Effects of Fe³⁺ and Sn⁴⁺ Doping