High-Performance Piezoelectric Crystals, Ceramics, and Films

Abstract

Piezoelectric materials convert between electrical and mechanical energies such that an applied stress induces a polarization and an applied electric field induces a strain. This review describes the fundamental mechanisms governing the piezoelectric response in high-performance piezoelectric single crystals, ceramics, and thin films. While there are a number of useful piezoelectric small molecules and polymers, the article focuses on inorganic materials displaying the piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectricity is first defined, and the mechanisms that contribute are discussed in terms of the key crystal structures for materials with large piezoelectric coefficients. Exemplar systems are then discussed and compared for the cases of single crystals, bulk ceramics, and thin films.

Lead‐Free Bi0.5(Na0.78K0.22)TiO3 Nanoparticle Filler–Elastomeric Composite Films for Paper‐Based Flexible Power Generators

“…[27][28][29] The first is the small-signal piezoelectric coefficient which is determined by the slope of the strain response at low electric fields when the strain response is still linear. [25,32] The effective d 33 * (large-signal piezoelectric coefficient) of our BNKT ceramics is higher than small-signal d 33 , as shown in Figure 1d. The second is the large-signal piezo-response which is measured at high electric fields where the strain-field response deviates from linearity.…”

“…Using the Voigt notation, [30,31] we call this d 33 when the measured electric charge is parallel to the direction of strain. The effective d 33 * of BNKT ceramics is calculated as www.advelectronicmat.de 283 pm V −1 from the ratio of S max /E max and the small-signal d 33 is measured as 190 pC N −1 by a d 33 meter. The large-signal piezoelectric coefficient is defined at a specific electric field strength E, where the strain output deviates significantly toward nonlinearity.…”

“…The second is the large-signal piezo-response which is measured at high electric fields where the strain-field response deviates from linearity. [23,33] Therefore, PZT is the rational choice for universal piezoelectric applications such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and various other devices. The large-signal piezoelectric coefficient is conventionally measured by the displacement parallel to the field, and commonly referred to as d 33 *, when using the Voigt notation.…”

“…Since the g 33 of the piezoelectric power generators is inversely proportional to the permittivity value, lower dielectric constant ε as well as higher g 33 and d 33 is preferred to high voltage output and power generation of the piezoelectric devices. Since the g 33 of the piezoelectric power generators is inversely proportional to the permittivity value, lower dielectric constant ε as well as higher g 33 and d 33 is preferred to high voltage output and power generation of the piezoelectric devices.…”

A Semiconducting Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite‐type Non‐ferroelectric Piezoelectric with Excellent Piezoelectricity

“…Nylon is organic material with excellent flexible properties, but it have even weaker d 33 of 2 pC N −1 . One‐composition non‐ferroelectric piezoelectric, such as ZnO (3 pC N −1 ), ZnS(3.2 pC N −1 ), SiO 2 (2 pC N −1 ), alpha‐quartz (2.31 pC/N), generally exhibit weak piezoelectric performance. Typical ferroelectric piezoelectric Diisopropylammonium Bromide(DIPAB) (11 pC N −1 ), KTP(6.1 pC N −1 ) and LiNbO 3 (11 pC N −1 ) also exhibit very general piezoelectric effect.…”