High levels of soluble thrombomodulin may be a marker of arterial disease and peripheral ischemia in Egyptian patients with diabetes mellitus

Elsalakawy, Walaa; Farweez, Botheina Ahmed Thabet; Sallam, Mohamed T.H.; Hamza, May

doi:10.4103/1110-1067.139759

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Elevated levels of soluble thrombomodulin have been found in association with chronic diseases related to inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. More specifically, hyperglycaemia has been noted to induce increased expression of soluble thrombomodulin in the system (Kubisz, et al, 2010;Dietrich et al, 2013;Elsalakawy et al,2014;Hayden, 2019). Apparently, the elevated soluble thrombomodulin in diabetes as seen in this study is indicative of ongoing endothelial injury induced by hyperglycaemia.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 47%

Glycated Haemogloin, Fasting Plasma Glucose, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-1, and Soluble Thrombomodulin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Akwiwu

Edem²,

Akpotuzor³

et al. 2021

NJPS

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Diabetes mellitus has become increasingly prevalent over the years. The chronic hyperglycaemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunctions, and failure of different organs suggesting that the most effective tool to prevent complications is the effective control of hyperglycaemia itself. The study is set to determine the effect of glycemic control on plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), soluble thrombomodulin (STM) alongside fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) among type 2 diabetic subjects. One hundred diabetic subjects accessing care at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar and 100 non –diabetics that served as controls were enrolled. Blood samples from participants were analyzed for FPG, HbA1c, PAI-1 and STM by standard methods. The result shows 74% of the diabetic to be females. Half of the diabetics were managed on only oral anti-diabetic drugs while the remaining half were either on insulin injection or a combination of oral and insulin injection. Poor glycemic control was observed in 56% of the studied subjects. The mean age of 54.69 ± 9.94 years for the diabetics was comparable to the age-matched controls (p=.097). Diabetics showed significantly higher FPG, HbA1c, PAI-1and STM (P=0.001) compared to control values. Correlations between STM, PAI 1 and glycated hemoglobin (figures 2 p=0.001, p =0.001) and STM, PAI-1 and FPG revealed significantly robust association (p=0.001, p=0.001). The study concludes that there is poor glycemic control among the treated diabetic subjects with PAI-1 and STM showing a very strong positive correlation with HbA1c than FPG.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 47%

Glycated Haemogloin, Fasting Plasma Glucose, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-1, and Soluble Thrombomodulin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Akwiwu

Edem²,

Akpotuzor³

et al. 2021

NJPS

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“… 111 It has also been shown that plasma sTM levels could be used as a biomarker to help determine if a patient with ischemic heart disease would develop a cardiovascular end point. 112 Patients who had hypercholesterolaemia, but no signs of atherosclerosis or other cardiovascular complications, were not seen to have any difference in levels of plasma sTM. 113 This indicates that sTM may not be a good predictor of atherosclerosis but may be useful for determining/monitoring disease severity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The overall trend is that sTM levels are increased in the biological fluids of diabetic patients. 30,112,[121][122][123][124][125] Levels were also shown to have a weak positive correlation of disease duration and number of complications. 112,122,123 However, no difference was found between type-I and -II diabetic patients.…”

Section: Diabetes Mellitusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…30,112,[121][122][123][124][125] Levels were also shown to have a weak positive correlation of disease duration and number of complications. 112,122,123 However, no difference was found between type-I and -II diabetic patients. 122 It has also been shown that high sTM levels were associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality and CVD deaths.…”

Section: Diabetes Mellitusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Circulating Thrombomodulin: Release Mechanisms, Measurements, and Levels in Diseases and Medical Procedures

Boron

Hauzer-Martin

Keil

et al. 2022

TH Open

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Thrombomodulin (TM) is a type I transmembrane protein that is mainly expressed on endothelial cells and plays important roles in many biological processes. Circulating TM of different forms are also present in biofluids, such as blood and urine. Soluble TM (sTM), comprised of several domains of TM, is the major circulating TM, which is generated by either enzymatic or chemical cleavage of the intact protein under different conditions. Under normal conditions, sTM is present in low concentrations (<10 ng/mL) in the blood, but is elevated in several pathological conditions associated with endothelial dysfunction such as cardiovascular, inflammatory, infection, and metabolic diseases. Therefore, sTM level has been examined for monitoring disease development, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) recently. In addition, microvesicles that contain membrane TM (microvesicle-TM) have been found to be released from activated cells, which also contribute to levels of circulating TM in certain diseases. Several release mechanisms of sTM and microvesicle-TM have been reported, including enzymatic, chemical and TM mutation mechanisms. Measurements of sTM and microvesicle-TM have been developed and explored as biomarkers in many diseases. In this review, we summarize all these advances in three categories: (i) release mechanisms of circulating TM, (ii) methods for measuring circulating TM in biological samples, and (iii) correlation of circulating TM with diseases. Altogether, it provides a whole picture of recent advances on circulating TM in health and disease.

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“…Its association with type 2 diabetes has been in the area of widespread vascular damage and as such could serve as a of microvascular complications. 18,19 Previously reported in the studied population is the observation of deranged platelet parameters alongside loss of normal glycaemic control. 7 Hyperglycaemia at whatever degree, whether intermediate or at a full diabetic scale, apparently holds the risk of compromised physiological function via glycation processes including those of platelets and the endothelium.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Prediabetes and Endothelial Involvement among Apparently Healthy Persons

2023

TJNPR

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Prediabetes is a state in between non-diabetic and diabetic conditions. While it is capable of progressing to diabetes, it also holds the potential for reversal of the disease process. Timely detection of this phase is therefore necessary for the control of diabetes. Moreso, persistent hyperglycaemia drives system changes through glycation processes. Notable among these changes are vascular-related complications. This study investigated hyperglycaemic states using glycated haemoglobin among persons previously screened as non-diabetic by fasting plasma glucose. The study also estimated some markers of endothelial involvement among the studied population. This study enrolled 134 apparently healthy middle-aged health workers whose highest fasting plasma glucose level (after 3 consecutive measurements) fell below the lower limit of 6.1 mmol/L used in the classification of prediabetes. Glucose oxidase and ion exchange resin methods were used to respectively assay fasting plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type1 and soluble thrombomodulin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The study observed proportions of 28% prediabetes and 10% diabetes among the participants. Mean values of glycated haemoglobin as well as plasminogen activator type1 and soluble thrombomodulin were significantly higher (p = 0.001) in subjects with prediabetes. Significant correlations were observed between glycated haemoglobin and both markers of endothelial involvement (p = 0.006 for plasminogen activator inhibitor and p = 0.013 for soluble thrombomodulin). This study observed significant vascular involvement in prediabetes.

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High levels of soluble thrombomodulin may be a marker of arterial disease and peripheral ischemia in Egyptian patients with diabetes mellitus

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Glycated Haemogloin, Fasting Plasma Glucose, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-1, and Soluble Thrombomodulin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Glycated Haemogloin, Fasting Plasma Glucose, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-1, and Soluble Thrombomodulin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Circulating Thrombomodulin: Release Mechanisms, Measurements, and Levels in Diseases and Medical Procedures

Prediabetes and Endothelial Involvement among Apparently Healthy Persons

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