“…It is plausible that single hormones, such as PDGF and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), among others, which become elevated with age, have ubiquitous functions. High serum FSH levels, for example, associate not only with bone loss, but also with obesity, hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis, and neurodegeneration (17)(18)(19)(20). Likewise, play a shift from contractile to a dedifferentiated, synthetic phenotype, resulting in intimal and medial thickening, elevated collagen/elastin ratio in the arterial wall, and increased mechanical vessel rigidity and stiffness (14).…”