Heterotrimeric G proteins in physiological and pathological processes have been extensively studied so far. However, little is known about mechanisms regulating the cellular content and compartmentalization of G proteins. Here, we show that the association of nucleoside diphosphate kinase B (NDPK B) with the G protein ␥ dimer (G␥) is required for G protein function in vivo. In zebrafish embryos, morpholino-mediated knockdown of zebrafish NDPK B, but not NDPK A, results in a severe decrease in cardiac contractility. The depletion of NDPK B is associated with a drastic reduction in G 1␥2 dimer expression. Moreover, the protein levels of the adenylyl cyclase (AC)-regulating G␣ s and G␣i subunits as well as the caveolae scaffold proteins caveolin-1 and -3 are strongly reduced. In addition, the knockdown of the zebrafish G 1 orthologs, G1 and G1like, causes a cardiac phenotype very similar to that of NDPK B morphants. The loss of G 1/G1like is associated with a down-regulation in caveolins, AC-regulating G␣-subunits, and most important, NDPK B. A comparison of embryonic fibroblasts from wild-type and NDPK A/B knockout mice demonstrate a similar reduction of G protein, caveolin-1 and basal cAMP content in mammalian cells that can be rescued by re-expression of human NDPK B. Thus, our results suggest a role for the interaction of NDPK B with G␥ dimers and caveolins in regulating membranous G protein content and maintaining normal G protein function in vivo.cAMP ͉ cardiac contractility ͉ G proteins ͉ NDPK ͉ zebrafish S ignaling through the activation of G proteins represents the most widely used signaling pathway in mammalian biology (1). A variety of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate extracellular signals via heterotrimeric G proteins, which are composed of a guanine nucleotide binding ␣-subunit (G␣), as well as a -subunit (G) and a ␥-subunit (G␥). Upon GPCR activation, the bound GDP in G␣ is exchanged for GTP and both the GTP-liganded G␣ and the stable dimer G␥ regulate downstream effectors (2).Nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPKs), which catalyze the transfer of ␥-phosphate between NTPs and NDPs, represent a family of multifunctional proteins encoded by nine human nm23 genes. The two major isoforms, NDPK A and B (17-21 kDa), play crucial roles in a wide array of cellular processes [for review see (3)]. Despite their high sequence homology and the well known formation of heterohexamers to perform their house keeping enzyme activity (4), NDPK A and B have distinct cellular functions, which are based on the possibility of both isoforms contributing to multimeric protein complexes like the SET complex (5) and a complex formed with Ca 2ϩ -activated potassium channel KCa3.1 (6). In such complexes, NDPK not only supplies NTPs but also acts as protein kinase (6). We have previously shown that NDPK B, but not NDPK A, forms a complex with G␥ (7, 8) and acts as a histidine kinase for G. The high energetic phosphate on G can be specifically transferred to GDP and the GTP that is formed, induces G protei...