High-efficiency CIGS solar cells with optimization of layers thickness and doping

Modeling and Optimization of Microwave-Based Bio-Jet Fuel from Coconut Oil: Investigation of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network Methodology (ANN)

“…There are a series of studies that have been done in exploring renewable energy technologies, such as solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, and biofuels [3][4][5][6][7][8]. Among the available renewable energy, liquid biofuel from biomass resources has received a lot of attention [9][10][11], especially in the transportation sector, as it offers an opportunity to replace petroleum in operating the combustion engine with little to no modification [12,13].…”

“…The transesterification process involves three consecutive and reversible reactions (refer to Equations ( 1)-( 3)) that react triglyceride with alcohol in the presence or absence of a catalyst and produce a mixture of fatty acid alkyl ester (FAAE or biodiesel) and glycerol as a by-product. In overall, transesterification requires 1 mole of triglyceride and 3 moles of alcohol to produce 3 moles of biodiesel, as shown in Equation (4). However, practically, the excess amount of alcohol is usually used to shift the equilibrium to the product side and allow the phase separation of biodiesel from the glycerol [25].…”

Review of CIGS-based solar cells manufacturing by structural engineering

“…Absorber bandgap of 1.4 eV is required to absorb the solar spectrum and the CIGS efficiency decreases when the bandgap is higher (Ramanujam and Singh, 2017). The CIGS bandgap can be tuned by changing the intrinsic structure and of the multilayer structure of the solar cells (Asaduzzaman et al, 2016;Bhattacharya and Ramanathan, 2004;Cai and Qi, 2015;Chiril� a et al, 2013;Han et al, 2012;Heriche et al, 2016;Ishizuka et al, 2011;Kushiya, 2004;Liao et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2011;Malitckaya et al, 2017;Nakada et al, 2004;Puyvelde et al, 2014;Salom� e et al, 2013;Shirakata, 2017;Su et al, 2011;Sun et al, 2017). As shown in Fig.…”

“…Thus, it is essential to growing a thick CdS layer. Nevertheless, the growth of a CdS layer followed by the intrinsic and doped ZnO layer, which acts as a window layer, can be adopted to reduce the production cost by eliminating toxic Cd waste (Heriche et al, 2016). Using this approach, the use of CdS can be reduced by decreasing the CdS layer thickness, while ZnO works as an emitter layer.…”

“…Thus, the design of the CIGS layer morphology, which is used to control the reflection behavior, is discussed (Cai and Qi, 2015;Han et al, 2012;Ishizuka et al, 2011;Liao et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2011;Shirakata, 2017;Su et al, 2011). Furthermore, the extrinsic or multilayer structure of CIGS-based solar cells is also reviewed including the effect of substrates and challenges of developing flexible solar cells, the influence and necessity of electrical back contact, the search for a proper n-type buffer layer, and the effects of an additional layer (e.g., grid, window layers and antireflection) on the performance of solar cells (Bhattacharya and Ramanathan, 2004;Dhere et al, 2004;Heriche et al, 2016;Kessler and Rudmann, 2004;Kushiya, 2004;Nakada et al, 2004;Qiao et al, 2018;Reinhard et al, 2013). Finally, further development and challenges are briefly reviewed such as the potential combination of the CIGS layer to form tandem solar cells (Blanker et al, 2016;Chae et al, 2016;Guchhait et al, 2017;Lee et al, 2018;Moon et al, 2015;Shen et al, 2018;Todorov et al, 2016Todorov et al, , 2015Werner et al, 2018;Yamaguchi et al, 2018).…”