High concentration of acidic species in rainwater at Varanasi in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, India

Bisht, D. S.; Tiwari, Suresh; Srivastava, Atul; Singh, Jagvir; Singh, Bhupender; Srivastava, Manoj

doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1473-0

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…One first reason for this is that Pommier et al (2016) showed a misrepresentation of the fire emissions of HCOOH over India. Secondly, India also encounters excess acidity in rainwater, which could be partly attributed to biomass burning (e.g., Bisht et al, 2014). Concerning Siberia, this region and the surrounding areas experienced intense fires over some years, such as during the summer 2010 (Pommier et al, 2016;, for the region close to Moscow).…”

Section: Modismentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of enhancement ratios of HCOOH relative to CO in biomass burning plumes by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)

2017

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Abstract. Formic acid (HCOOH) concentrations are often underestimated by models, and its chemistry is highly uncertain. HCOOH is, however, among the most abundant atmospheric volatile organic compounds, and it is potentially responsible for rain acidity in remote areas. HCOOH data from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) are analyzed from 2008 to 2014 to estimate enhancement ratios from biomass burning emissions over seven regions. Fire-affected HCOOH and CO total columns are defined by combining total columns from IASI, geographic location of the fires from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and the surface wind speed field from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Robust correlations are found between these fire-affected HCOOH and CO total columns over the selected biomass burning regions, allowing the calculation of enhancement ratios equal to 7.30 × 10 −3 ± 0.08 × 10 −3 mol mol −1 over Amazonia (AMA), 11.10 × 10 −3 ± 1.37 × 10 −3 mol mol −1 over Australia (AUS), 6.80 × 10 −3 ± 0.44 × 10 −3 mol mol −1 over India (IND), 5.80 × 10 −3 ± 0.15 × 10 −3 mol mol −1 over Southeast Asia (SEA), 4.00 × 10 −3 ± 0.19 × 10 −3 mol mol −1 over northern Africa (NAF), 5.00 × 10 −3 ± 0.13 × 10 −3 mol mol −1 over southern Africa (SAF), and 4.40 × 10 −3 ± 0.09 × 10 −3 mol mol −1 over Siberia (SIB), in a fair agreement with previous studies. In comparison with referenced emission ratios, it is also shown that the selected agricultural burning plumes captured by IASI over India and Southeast Asia correspond to recent plumes where the chemistry or the sink does not occur. An additional classification of the enhancement ratios by type of fuel burned is also provided, showing a diverse origin of the plumes sampled by IASI, especially over Amazonia and Siberia. The variability in the enhancement ratios by biome over the different regions show that the levels of HCOOH and CO do not only depend on the fuel types.

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Section: Modismentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of enhancement ratios of HCOOH relative to CO in biomass burning plumes by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)

2017

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“…The analytical column IonPac-AS15 with micro-membrane suppressor ASR Sultra II 2 mm, 38 mM Potassium Hydroxide and the IonPac-CS17 column with micro-membrane suppressor CSRS ultra II 2 mm, 6 mM methyl sulfonic acid as eluents and triple distilled water as regenerator were used for anion and cations, respectively. The details of the chemical analysis procedure are discussed elsewhere (Tiwari et al, 2012;Bisht et al, 2015). The data quality was assessed by ionic balance, which is an indicator of the completeness of measured parameters.…”

Section: Chemical Analysis and Quality Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The scavenging of atmospheric pollutants affects the chemical composition and the pH of rainwater. The acidic rain is primarily caused by incorporation of anthropogenic pollutants such as oxides of sulfur and nitrogen and other acid precursors (Migliavacca et al, 2005;Bisht et al, 2015), whereas, neutralization of acidity in RW can be due to airborne dust and ammonia released from natural and man-made sources (Al-Momani et al, 1995). The amount of the air pollutant reduction by precipitation scavenging effect can be affected by the amount, duration, and intensity of rainfall.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the influence of natural and anthropogenic particles, the chemistry of RW varies from synoptic scale to mesoscale (Kulshrestha et al, 2005;; thereby providing the input of anthropogenic as well as natural components of various ecosystems. In recent years, studies on precipitation chemistry over Indian region have been conducted especially during the south-west summer monsoon season (Safai et al, 2010;Das et al, 2011;Salve et al, 2011;Tiwari et al, 2012;Budhavant et al, 2014;Bisht et al, 2015;Tiwari et al, 2016; references therein), however, there is a lack of information on the winter RW chemistry over the northern part of India leaving crucial gaps in the scientific understanding of atmospheric pollutants. Therefore, there is always a larger need to generate new and better quality data on RW chemistry over these Indian regions.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Chemical Characteristics of Precipitation during Winter Season over Delhi: Source Identification of Measured Species

Tyagi¹,

Tiwari²,

Mishra³

et al. 2016

Earth Science India

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The study of precipitation chemistry in the winter season over the northern part of India is vital as the atmosphere is highly loaded with atmospheric aerosols due to emissions and meteorological conditions. Precipitation samples were collected in Delhi and analyzed for major cations (Na + , NH 4 + , K + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+) and anions (F-, Cl-, NO 3-, SO 4 2and HCO 3-) along with pH and conductivity. The volume weighted mean pH of rainwater (RW) was 5.76 ± 0.61, with ~ 42% samples being acidic (mean pH = 5.20 of acidic rain). Specific conductivity was ~16 % (84.93 µS/cm) lower specific conductivity for the acid RW samples as compared to the non-acidic RW samples (101.20 µS/cm). The sum of ionic constituents was 1273.41 ± 749.91 µeq/l, with anion's sum contribution being 17 % lower than the sum of cations. Neutralization factors of major cations were in the order of Ca 2+ (0.83) > NH 4 + (0.36) > Mg 2+ (0.11) over Delhi. Second higher (cation) contribution of NH 4 + in RW over Delhi may be attributed to the ever increasing vehicular density and the initiation of catalytic converters in public transport. Different source apportionment methods, including principal component analysis (PCA), enrichment factor (EF), and backtrajectory (72 h) analysis were used for estimating the sources of RW. Trajectory analysis indicated three different air masses over Delhi of easterly, westerly and southerly/southeasterly wind regime. The PCA analysis shows three major factors for measured ions and was assigned to mixed source influenced by crustal, anthropogenic and marine origins, whereas, NH 4 + and HCO 3 to the local biomass burning and soil dust respectively.

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“…Secondly, India also encounters excess of acidity in rainwater, which could be partly attributed to biomass burning (e.g. Bisht et al, 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Possibility for an infrared sounder as IASI to document the HCOOH chemistry in biomass burning plumes

Pommier

Clerbaux

Coheur

2017

Preprint

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Abstract. Formic acid (HCOOH) concentrations are often underestimated by models and its chemistry is highly uncertain. HCOOH is, however, among the most abundant atmospheric volatile organic compounds and it is potentially responsible for rain acidity in remote areas. HCOOH data from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) are analyzed from 2008 to 2014, to estimate enhancement ratios from biomass burning emissions over seven regions. Fire-affected HCOOH and CO total columns are defined by combining total columns from IASI, geographic location of the fires from MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the surface wind speed field from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Robust correlations are found between these fire-affected HCOOH and CO total columns over the selected biomass burning regions, allowing the calculation of enhancement ratios equal to 7.30 &#215; 10&#8722;3&#177;0.08 &#215; 10&#8722;3 mol/mol over Amazonia, 11.10 &#215; 10&#8722;3&#177;1.37 &#215; 10&#8722;3 mol/mol over Australia, 6.80 &#215; 10&#8722;3&#177;0.44 &#215; 10&#8722;3 mol/mol over India, 5.80 &#215; 10&#8722;3&#177;0.15 &#215; 10&#8722;3 mol/mol over Southern East Asia, 4.00 &#215; 10&#8722;3&#177;0.19 &#215; 10&#8722;3 mol/mol over Northern Africa, 5.00 &#215; 10&#8722;3&#177;0.13 &#215; 10&#8722;3 mol/mol over Southern Africa, and 4.40 &#215; 10&#8722;3&#177;0.09 &#215; 10&#8722;3 mol/mol over Siberia, in a fair agreement with previous studies. The comparison with other studies highlights a possible underestimation by 60&#8201;% of emission or a secondary production of HCOOH by Siberian forest fires while the studied fire plumes originating from Southern African savanna could suggest a limited secondary production of HCOOH or a limited sink. In comparison with data set characterizing emissions, it is also shown that the selected agricultural burning plumes captured by IASI over India and Southern East Asia correspond to recent plumes where the chemistry or the sink do not occur.

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High concentration of acidic species in rainwater at Varanasi in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, India

Cited by 22 publications

References 58 publications

Determination of enhancement ratios of HCOOH relative to CO in biomass burning plumes by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)

Determination of enhancement ratios of HCOOH relative to CO in biomass burning plumes by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)

Chemical Characteristics of Precipitation during Winter Season over Delhi: Source Identification of Measured Species

Possibility for an infrared sounder as IASI to document the HCOOH chemistry in biomass burning plumes

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