Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and CL-20-based formulations (review)

Nair, U. R.; Sivabalan, R.; Gore, G. M.; Geetha, M.; Asthana, S. N.; Singh, Haridwar

doi:10.1007/s10573-005-0014-2

Cited by 208 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Nearly limiting parameters are characteristic of dinitrodiazenofuroxane C 4 N 8 O 6 with a detonation velocity D ≈ 10,000 m/sec obtained by extrapola- [18,22] to the single-crystal density ε-CL-20 (2.044 g/cm 3 ) [18]. The mixed system based on the HE oxidizer bis(difluoroaminodinitroethyl)nitramine is also close to the energy output limit of organic HEs [17].…”

Section: Energy Output and Detonation Velocity Limits Of Organic Explmentioning

confidence: 98%

Propellant performance of organic explosives and their energy output and detonation velocity limits

Pepekin

Gubin

2007

Combust Explos Shock Waves

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Methods for determining the propellant performance of high explosives (HEs) are considered. The common and distinguishing features of the techniques of end acceleration of plates and shell expansion are shown. Experimental data on the propellant performance of individual explosives are given. The influence of metal additives on the brisance (propellant performance) and blast effect of explosive compositions is considered. A theoretical method for estimating the propellant performance is proposed, and the propellant performance of hydrogen-free HEs is calculated using experimental data on the enthalpies of formation and densities of single crystals. The energy output and detonation velocity limits of organic HEs are considered and estimated. Promising directions in the investigation of the properties of HEs are considered.

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Section: Energy Output and Detonation Velocity Limits Of Organic Explmentioning

confidence: 98%

Propellant performance of organic explosives and their energy output and detonation velocity limits

Pepekin

Gubin

2007

Combust Explos Shock Waves

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“…Although RDX and HMX are widely used in missile warheads and gun projectiles, hexanitro hexaazaisowurtzitane HNIW, popularly known as CL-20 is fast emerging as powerful alternative [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] . Major attributes of CL-20 are its higher heat formation due to strained structure and superior oxygen balance than RDX and HMX.…”

Section: Powerful Hemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in High Energy Materials

Nair

Asthana

Rao

et al. 2010

DSJ

121

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Research and development efforts for realizing higher performance levels of high energy materials (HEMs) are continued unabated all over the globe. Of late, it is becoming increasingly necessary to ensure that such materials are also eco-friendly. This has provided thrust to research in the area of force multiplying HEMs and compounds free from pollution causing components. Enhancement of the performance necessitates introduction of strained structure or increase in oxygen balance to achieve near stoichiometry. The search for environment friendly molecules is focused on chlorine free propellant compositions and lead free primary explosives. Energetic polymers offer added advantage of partitioning of energy and thus not necessitating the concentration of only solid components (HEMs and metal fuels) in the formulations, to achieve higher performance, thereby leading to improvement in energetics without adversely affecting the processability and mechanical properties. During recent times, research in the area of insensitive explosives has received impetus particularly with the signature of STANAG. This paper gives a review of the all-round advances in the areas of HEMs encompassing oxidizers, high-energy dense materials, insensitive high-energy materials, polymers and plasticizers. Selected formulations based on these materials are also included.

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“…In the acidic media, the amide activated by H + is nitrolyzed by NO 3 -or H 2 O generated in the nitration reaction. The mechanism proposed by Ou et al 27 is presented Scheme 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 It is a well-known caged nitramine with significantly higher density (e-form), 4 higher performance and minimum signature than the other nitramines (HMX, RDX); therefore, CL-20 has found numerous military applications. 5 All the processes for CL-20 synthesis are based on the same starting materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of CL-20 from TADB in a One-Pot Method by Zeolite/HNO₃as a New Nitrolysis System

Bayat¹,

Hajighasemali²,

Mohajeri³

2016

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane is the most powerful non-nuclear explosive in the world. Herein, a greener and safer new one-pot method for the synthesis of CL-20 from tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane (TADB) has been developed through zeolite/98% HNO 3 . The H-ZSM-5 catalyst, with both Brønsted and Lewis acid sites, indicated higher catalytic activity. The reaction using H-ZSM-5 has been optimized with respect to reaction temperature, reaction time, amount of acid and amount of catalyst to substrate ratio. Keywords: debenzylation, nitrolysis, zeolite, tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane, CL-20Introduction 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 1 0 , 1 2 -H e x a n i t r o -2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 1 0 , 1 2 -hexaazaisowurtzitane , first proposed by Willer 1 and synthesized by Nielsen et al., 2 has been subjected to extensive studies.3 It is a well-known caged nitramine with significantly higher density (e-form), 4 higher performance and minimum signature than the other nitramines (HMX, RDX); therefore, CL-20 has found numerous military applications. 5 All the processes for CL-20 synthesis are based on the same starting materials. 6 In the first step, the hexa substituted hexaazaisowurtzitane derivatives are formed in the condensation reactions (glyoxal and primary amines). Subsequently, CL-20 is prepared by debenzylation and nitration of hexaazaisowurtzitane derivatives. 9 have been introduced for the synthesis of CL-20 from TADB. The preparation of CL-20 in the final step requires the use of HNO 3 /H 2 SO 4 which has many disadvantages including formation of environmentally unfriendly wastes that are expensive to dispose of, strong acidic media, over nitration and safety problems. Presently, the environmental concerns would not allow such means of disposal; thus, there still remains a need to develop commercially valuable process and environment-friendly methods for preparation of CL-20. 10The synthesis of CL-20 from TADB by applying melamine hydrogen sulfate/HNO 3 11 and acidic ionic liquids/HNO 3 12 in the one-pot reactions is reported in the recent studies of these authors. Nevertheless, these methods (Table 1) are affected by the use of stoichiometric quantities of expensive reagents and the high temperature of reaction which is a drawback of industrial scales.Zeolites, with their unique advantages of high thermal and acid stability and high selectivity (through homogeneous pore shape and size with their defined cages and channels) have been considered at industrial scale. [13][14][15] Zeolite is applied in catalytic cracking, isomerization and alkylation, as well as in the nitration reactions, including nitration of xylene, 16 To the best knowledge of the authors of this article, no report is available in the literature where a zeolite was Synthesis of CL-20 from TADB in a One-Pot Method by Zeolite/HNO 3 as a New Nitrolysis System J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 1104 applied in nitrolysis of the substrate. In this study, the zeolite/HNO 3 as a nitrolysis system (nitro-debenzylation, nitro-deacetylation) was applied in order to prepar...

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Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and CL-20-based formulations (review)

Cited by 208 publications

References 26 publications

Propellant performance of organic explosives and their energy output and detonation velocity limits

Propellant performance of organic explosives and their energy output and detonation velocity limits

Advances in High Energy Materials

Synthesis of CL-20 from TADB in a One-Pot Method by Zeolite/HNO₃as a New Nitrolysis System

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Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and CL-20-based formulations (review)

Cited by 208 publications

References 26 publications

Propellant performance of organic explosives and their energy output and detonation velocity limits

Propellant performance of organic explosives and their energy output and detonation velocity limits

Advances in High Energy Materials

Synthesis of CL-20 from TADB in a One-Pot Method by Zeolite/HNO3as a New Nitrolysis System

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Product

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Synthesis of CL-20 from TADB in a One-Pot Method by Zeolite/HNO₃as a New Nitrolysis System