Hexafluorophosphate intercalation into graphite electrode from gamma-butyrolactone solutions in activated carbon/graphite capacitors

Gao, Jichao; Tian, Shengfeng; Qi, Li; Yoshio, Masaki; Wang, Hongyu

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.111

Cited by 67 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This AC/graphite capacitor was tested to show that the electrolyte composition and weight ratio of AC to graphite had a profound influence on the performance of the capacitor. Further investigations confirmed the effect of other factors, [97][98][99][100][101][102][103] including the type of salts, 98,99 solvents, [100][101][102] and weight ratios of AC/graphite, 103 on the performance of this asymmetric AC/graphite capacitor. Specially, it was noticed that EC had an extraordinarily retardant tendency towards anions (e.g.…”

Section: Supercapacitorssupporting

confidence: 60%

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Electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage

Xia

et al. 2017

Mater. Chem. Front.

225

116

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A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription.For more information, please contact eprints@nottingham.ac.uk Journal NameThis journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xxJ. Name., 2013, 00, 1-3 | 1 Electrolyte is a key component of electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices and its properties greatly affect the energy capacity, rate performance, cyclability and safety of all EES devices. This article offers a critical review of recent progresses and challenges in electrolyte research and development particularly for supercapacitors and supercapatteries, recharegable batteries (such as lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries), and redox flow batteries (including fuel cells in a broad sense). The review will focus on liquid electrolytes, particularly aqueous and organic electrolytes, ionic liquids and molten salts. Influences of electrolyte properties on the performances of different EES devices are discussed in detail.

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Section: Supercapacitorssupporting

confidence: 60%

“…7). [100][101][102] It should be mentioned that the investigated LICs with an AC negatrode had a medium operating voltage in the range of 2.5-3.5 V, and their energy capacity is rather limited.…”

Section: Supercapacitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage

Xia

et al. 2017

Mater. Chem. Front.

225

116

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“…Graphene electrode with high specific area can enhance the power density, contributed by the physical absorption/ desorption charge-storage mechanism. [14] Moreover, a much higher concentration of PF 6 − can be dissolved, compared with the commonly used mixed solvents with EC. [13] In an electrolyte, PF 6 − is supplied to insert into the cathodes.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

(EMIm)⁺(PF₆)⁻ Ionic Liquid Unlocks Optimum Energy/Power Density for Architecture of Nanocarbon‐Based Dual‐Ion Battery

Shi

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

123

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fluorinated solvent and additives. [5] Assisted with solid electrolyte interface (SEI)-forming additives allows for a stable cycling performance with a high Coulombic efficiency, as the negative electrode is protected from co-intercalation reactions of relatively large pyrrolidinium cations. [6] Nevertheless, slow electrode kinetics relating to Li intercalation/de-intercalation and notorious safety issue have been becoming the very bottleneck in improving power densities of these dual-ion batteries while achieving high energy density.To address the problem of low power density for dual-ion batteries, the electrochemical intercalation must be replaced, at least for one electrode, with means of physical adsorption. Accordingly, the electrodes must be abundant with a high specific area and excellent mechanical properties, e.g., graphene and few-layer graphite. [7] Without considering the desolvation/ dendrite issues for Li ions during the fast charge/discharge, the cations in electrolyte absorbing/desorbing onto a graphene surface can supply a high power density. Herein, we propose a dual-ion battery by selecting an electrolyte of (EMIm) + (PF 6 ) − ionic liquid using graphite as positive and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as negative electrodes. The power density yields as high as 1333 W kg −1 , by simultaneously maintaining a competitive energy density of 70 Wh kg −1 (see Figure 1). The manifested harvesting of optimum performance excels as integration of an intercalation/de-intercalation mechanism and a fast surface absorption/desorption mechanism in a cell. Figure 2A shows the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve of the graphite electrode at a scan rate of 5 mV s −1 . Although metallic lithium is usually used as the reference electrode or symmetry system without reference electrode, [8] herein the influence of interaction between Li and working electrode was excluded, as well as the complex reactions between two working electrodes. [5] This configuration thereof guarantees liable electrochemical characterization. As indicated by the arrows, a broad peak (1.6-2.0 V) and a small peak (1.46-1.6 V) appear with the potential increasing, unraveling a PF 6 − insertion process. Whereas the potential shifts negatively, two broad and small peaks ranging from 2.0 to 0.8 V were observed, revealing the de-insertion of anions from the graphite electrode. The occurrence of these redox peaks for ion uptaking and releasing in the CV curve describes a stage formation mechanism, in which multiple coordination possibilities exist for the anion in the graphite. These staging effects are well accepted for electrochemical lithium insertion into graphite and for TFSI − into graphitic carbons. [9] It is noted that the peak potential range of the charge process is narrower than that of the discharge process. The main peak in the charge process is consistent with a large current, whereas the curve of the discharge process consists For an electrochemical energy storage cell, it is challenging to synergistically harvest high energy density and hig...

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“…The most common electrolytes for DCBs are organic carbonates and ionic liquid (IL) solvents paired with various inorganic/organic salts such as LiPF 6 , NaPF 6 , and n‐butyl pyridinium [PF 6 ] . Their concentration is usually set to be between 0.5 and 2 mol L −1 to ensure high ionic conductivity and low viscosity.…”

Section: Conventional Liquid Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Frustratingly, it still exhibited a poor average CE of ∼90 % during cycles, suggesting poor compatibility between the carbonaceous electrode and the carbonate electrolyte. Apart from inorganic salts, the organic salts (ionic liquids) dissolved in carbonate solvents have also been invested as DCB electrolytes ,,,,. These batteries usually show relatively low reversible capacity (∼30 mAh g −1 ) and low discharge voltages (∼2.5 V), which may be ascribed to the poor compatibility between the large cations and carbon anodes.…”

Section: Conventional Liquid Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolytes for Dual‐Carbon Batteries

Jiang

Luo

Zhong³

et al. 2019

ChemElectroChem

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Dual‐carbon batteries (DCBs) are a promising candidate for smart grid applications, owing to their low cost, high power capability, and environmentally friendly benefits. As an essential component of DCBs, electrolytes not only act as a medium for ion migration during the running of the battery, but also provide active ions to be intercalated into carbon electrodes, exerting significant impacts on the electrochemical performance and safety of the DCB. In this Review, we discuss recent progress in electrolyte research for DCBs, including conventional liquid electrolytes, highly concentrated electrolytes, and gel polymer electrolytes, with a focus on their stability and compatibility with carbon electrodes. Finally, we present perspectives on the current limitations and future research directions of electrolytes for DCBs. Some recommendations for battery evaluation are also offered.

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Hexafluorophosphate intercalation into graphite electrode from gamma-butyrolactone solutions in activated carbon/graphite capacitors

Cited by 67 publications

References 23 publications

Electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage

Electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage

(EMIm)⁺(PF₆)⁻ Ionic Liquid Unlocks Optimum Energy/Power Density for Architecture of Nanocarbon‐Based Dual‐Ion Battery

Electrolytes for Dual‐Carbon Batteries

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Hexafluorophosphate intercalation into graphite electrode from gamma-butyrolactone solutions in activated carbon/graphite capacitors

Cited by 67 publications

References 23 publications

Electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage

Electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage

(EMIm)+(PF6)− Ionic Liquid Unlocks Optimum Energy/Power Density for Architecture of Nanocarbon‐Based Dual‐Ion Battery

Electrolytes for Dual‐Carbon Batteries

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(EMIm)⁺(PF₆)⁻ Ionic Liquid Unlocks Optimum Energy/Power Density for Architecture of Nanocarbon‐Based Dual‐Ion Battery