Herd Immunity to GII.4 Noroviruses Is Supported by Outbreak Patient Sera

Cannon, Jennifer L.; Lindesmith, Lisa C.; Donaldson, Eric F.; Saxe, L. H.; Baric, Ralph S.; Vinjé, Jan

doi:10.1128/jvi.02518-08

Cited by 95 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Moreover, there are no amino acid differences between the two strains in site E (Table 3). Short-lived NoV immunity following experimental challenge (15,16), together with an epochal GII.4 evolution pattern, indicates NoV immunity is more complex (17)(18)(19). How long immunity against symptomatic norovirus infection lasts is a question under debate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Sera Collected between 1979 and 2010 Possess Blocking-Antibody Titers to Pandemic GII.4 Noroviruses Isolated over Three Decades

Sharma

Carlsson

Czakó

et al. 2017

J Virol

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The emergence of pandemic GII.4 norovirus (NoV) strains has been proposed to occur due to changes in receptor usage and thereby to lead to immune evasion. To address this hypothesis, we measured the ability of human sera collected between 1979 and 2010 to block glycan binding of four pandemic GII.4 noroviruses isolated in the last 4 decades. In total, 268 sera were investigated for 50% blocking titer (BT 50 ) values of virus-like particles (VLPs) against pig gastric mucin (PGM) using 4 VLPs that represent different GII.4 norovirus variants identified between 1987 and 2012. Pre-and postpandemic sera (sera collected before and after isolation of the reference NoV strain) efficiently prevented binding of VLP strains MD145 (1987), Grimsby (1995), and Houston (2002), but not the Sydney (2012) strain, to PGM. No statistically significant difference in virus-blocking titers was observed between pre-and postpandemic sera. Moreover, paired sera showed that blocking titers of Ն160 were maintained over a 6-year period against MD145, Grimsby, and Houston VLPs. Significantly higher serum blocking titers (geometric mean titer [GMT], 1,704) were found among IgA-deficient individuals than among healthy blood donors (GMT, 90.9) (P Ͻ 0.0001). The observation that prepandemic sera possess robust blocking capacity for viruses identified decades later suggests a common attachment factor, at least until 2002. Our results indicate that serum IgG possesses antibody-blocking capacity and that blocking titers can be maintained for at least 6 years against 3 decades of pandemic GII.4 NoV.IMPORTANCE Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) in saliva and gut recognize NoV and are the proposed ligands that facilitate infection. Polymorphisms in HBGA genes, and in particular a nonsense mutation in FUT2 (G428A), result in resistance to global dominating GII.4 NoV. The emergence of new pandemic GII.4 strains occurs at intervals of several years and is proposed to be attributable to epochal evolution, including amino acid changes and immune evasion. However, it remains unclear whether exposure to a previous pandemic strain stimulates immunity to a pandemic strain identified decades later. We found that prepandemic sera possess robust

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Sera Collected between 1979 and 2010 Possess Blocking-Antibody Titers to Pandemic GII.4 Noroviruses Isolated over Three Decades

Sharma

Carlsson

Czakó

et al. 2017

J Virol

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“…All of the VLPs tested, except GII.4-2004, bound to H, A, and/or Lewis antigens in the synthetic HBGA assays (Fig. 2B) (9,29), and all VLPs tested, except GII.4-2004, bound to PGM (Fig. 2C) at a 1 g/ml VLP concentration.…”

Section: Anti-gii4-2002 Mab Reactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4-1987 and -1997 were antigenically indistinguishable from each other as measured by human NoV outbreak sera, VLP-immunized mouse sera, and mouse MAbs (9,28,29). The VLPs of strains circulating post-2002 had significantly less reactivity with sera directed against earlier strain VLPs and minimal reactivity to mouse MAbs directed against GII.…”

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confidence: 96%

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Monoclonal Antibody-Based Antigenic Mapping of Norovirus GII.4-2002

Lindesmith

Debbink

Swanstrom

et al. 2012

J Virol

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115

161

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Noroviruses are the primary cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in humans, and GII.4 strains cause ϳ80% of the overall disease burden. Surrogate neutralization assays using sera and mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) suggest that antigenic variation maintains GII.4 persistence in the face of herd immunity, as the emergence of new pandemic strains is accompanied by newly evolved neutralization epitopes. To potentially identify specific blockade epitopes that are likely neutralizing and evolving between pandemic strains, mice were hyperimmunized with GII.

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“…With at least 154 documented strains [1] and the ongoing emergence of new variants to overcome herd immunity [2,3], Human Norovirus (HuNoV) is the most common cause of nonbacterial, acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide [1,4,5], accounting for more than 21 million illnesses and hospitalizations, and at least 570 deaths in the United States each year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). NoVs are single-stranded RNA, non-enveloped viruses in the Calicivirdae family.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Evaluation of Three Immuno-based Assays for Rapid Detection of Human Norovirus Virus-like Particles

Broglie¹,

Moore²,

Jaykus³

et al. 2014

J Anal Bioanal Tech

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This study designed and evaluated three versatile immuno-based assays for the rapid detection of GI.1 norovirus virus-like particles at low (0-3.0 μg/mL) levels: 1) enzymatic absorbance-based ELISAs, 2) a fluorescentbased immunoassay, and 3) a "signal-down" capture ELISA. Variables including controllable variations in assay format (indirect or sandwich), assay time, binding sequence, and reporter molecule (fluorophore or enzyme) were thoroughly investigated and optimized in all three assays. Selectivity tests in the three-hour absorbance-based ELISA using VLPs representing two GI and two GII strains indicated the assays were selective to GI strains over GII strains. The three-hour enzymatic absorbance-based assay turned out to be a robust and rapid method capable of detecting GI.I VLPs in the range of 0.037 to 0.555 μg/mL, and the three-hour fluorescent immunoassay was capable of detecting VLPs in a high concentration range of 0.5-2.0 μg/mL under optimized conditions. The "signal-down" capture ELISA was conceptually demonstrated for the detection of VLPs at concentrations in excess of 1.0 μg/ mL, but did not appear to be suitable for quantifying VLPs under its current conditions. The methods reported here provide proof-of-concept that various ELISA-type approaches could be further developed to provide robust norovirus detection assays having various detection ranges, limits, and linearity.

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Herd Immunity to GII.4 Noroviruses Is Supported by Outbreak Patient Sera

Cited by 95 publications

References 49 publications

Human Sera Collected between 1979 and 2010 Possess Blocking-Antibody Titers to Pandemic GII.4 Noroviruses Isolated over Three Decades

Human Sera Collected between 1979 and 2010 Possess Blocking-Antibody Titers to Pandemic GII.4 Noroviruses Isolated over Three Decades

Monoclonal Antibody-Based Antigenic Mapping of Norovirus GII.4-2002

Design and Evaluation of Three Immuno-based Assays for Rapid Detection of Human Norovirus Virus-like Particles

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