Hepatitis E Virus Infection During Pregnancy: The Overlooked Cause of Maternal and Fetal Mortality

Farshadpour, Fatemeh; Taherkhani, Sakineh; Taherkhani, Reza

doi:10.2174/1871526518666180530075523

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a singlestrand RNA virus that in humans causes an acute viral hepatitis after an incubation period of 4-5 weeks, but the infection is often asymptomatic. However, even if the mortality rate is generally low (0.5%), it can reach 25% in pregnant women (Farshadpour et al, 2018). HEV is divided in into eight recognized genotypes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical restriction of Hepatitis E virus circulation in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Emilia-Romagna region, Northern Italy

et al. 2020

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a singlestrand RNA virus that causes an acute viral hepatitis in humans. Among its eight recognized genotypes, HEV-3 and HEV-4 are zoonotic, infecting humans, pigs and wild boars. Recently, HEV-3 has been also detected in red deer, which represents another reservoir of HEV. Consumption of raw pork products (mainly liver sausages), undercooked wild boar meat, raw wild boar liver and deer meat has been responsible for foodborne HEV human worldwide. From November 2018 to March 2019, liver samples collected from 97 wild boars hunted in Emilia-Romagna region (Northern Italy) were tested for HEV RNA. The hunting area included two territories for an extension of 33 km2, named A (about 13 km2, natural park, deciduous wood) and B (about 20 km2, cultivated fields in proximity of a river) areas. Distance between the two areas ranged between 8 to 10 km. A total of 73 wild boars were hunted in area A, and 24 in area B. HEV RNA was detected by Realtime RT–PCR in 23/73 liver samples of wild boars living in area A only (31.5% - 95% CI: 22.0-42.8%). The HEV sequences (n=13) clustered within genotype 3. The majority of positives belonged to animals < 12 months (12/25; 48%), followed by subadults (13-24 months) (7/16; 43.8%) and adults (4/32; 12.5%). This difference was found to be statistically significant (p=0.0024). In absence of pig farms, the restriction of HEV-positive animals to a well-defined territory of 13 km2 (Boschi di Carrega Regional Park) could hypothetically be related to the presence of red deer (Cervus elaphus), which lived in area A at the beginning of the hunting season. Further studies are needed to confirm or deny our hypothesis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical restriction of Hepatitis E virus circulation in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Emilia-Romagna region, Northern Italy

et al. 2020

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“…HEV infection is one of the leading causes of fetal and maternal death. 54 In pregnant women with HEV infection, cytokine gene polymorphisms are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. 55 During the second and third trimester of pregnancy, HEV infection leads to hepatic failure and increases the risk of mortality 30% to 100%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2020

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“…96 HEV has also remained one of the main factors in causing maternal and fetal mortality during pregnancy, and around 15–60% of acute hepatitis E infection progresses to acute liver failure in pregnant patients in developing countries. 97 , 98 In Iran, epidemiological studies have reported seropositivity between 3.6 to 7.4% amongst pregnant women, depending upon the geographical location and the level of hygiene in each area. 99 …”

Section: Hepatitis E (Hev)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Hepatitis - The Road Traveled and the Journey Remaining

GF¹,

Zakaria²,

MI³

et al. 2022

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Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver and is commonly due to infection with The hepatotropic viruses – hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis carries one of the highest disease burdens globally and has caused significant morbidity and mortality among different patient populations. Clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic or acute flu-like illness to acute liver failure or chronic liver disease, characterized by jaundice, hepatomegaly and ascites among many other signs. Eventually, this can lead to fibrosis (cirrhosis) of the liver parenchyma and carries a risk of development into hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B and C are most notorious for causing liver cirrhosis; in 2019, an estimated 296 million people worldwide had chronic hepatitis B infection and 58 million are currently estimated to have chronic hepatitis C, with 1.5 million new infections of both hepatitis B and C, occurring annually. With the help of latest serological biomarkers and viral nucleic acid amplification tests, it has become rather simple to efficiently screen, diagnose and monitor patients with hepatitis, and to commence with appropriate antiviral treatment. More importantly, the development of vaccinations against some of these viruses has greatly helped to curb the infection rates. Whilst there has been exceptional progress over the years in the management of viral hepatitis, many hurdles still remain which must be addressed in order to proceed towards a hepatitis-free world. This review will shed light on the origin and discovery of the hepatitis viruses, the global epidemiology and clinical symptoms, diagnostic modalities, currently available treatment options, the importance of prevention, and the journey needed to move forward towards the eradication of its global disease burden.

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Hepatitis E Virus Infection During Pregnancy: The Overlooked Cause of Maternal and Fetal Mortality

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Geographical restriction of Hepatitis E virus circulation in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Emilia-Romagna region, Northern Italy

Geographical restriction of Hepatitis E virus circulation in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Emilia-Romagna region, Northern Italy

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Viral Hepatitis - The Road Traveled and the Journey Remaining

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