Hematologic and Serum Chemistry values of Endangered San Joaquin Kit Foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) with Sarcoptic Mange

Sarcoptic Mange in Reintroduced Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in South Korea: Case Histories, Clinical Assessments, Treatments, and Pathological Findings

“…The CBC test results from our study, which showed distinct leukocytosis and anemia, are consistent with blood test results from other animals infected with sarcoptic mange, such as dogs, raccoon dogs, and southern hairy-nosed wombats [ 24 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. However, in mange-infected fox species, neither wild-caught kit foxes nor experimentally infected red foxes showed significant erythrocyte reduction, which contrasts with our findings [ 13 , 26 ]. Moreover, this reduction in red blood cells was more significant in the group with diffuse skin lesions compared to those with localized lesions.…”

“…Furthermore, except for one fox that exhibited extreme hypoglycemia (27 mg/dL), all other foxes had blood glucose levels within normal ranges. This contrasts with the generally reported hypoglycemia in animals with sarcoptic mange [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 43 , 44 ].…”

“…In our study, the serum chemistry results showed significant hypoalbuminemia and increased globulin levels, with an insignificant increase in liver enzyme levels. Increased globulin levels are indicative of an enhanced immune response, a finding that was also observed in studies of kit foxes infected with sarcoptic mange [ 26 ]. Due to the lack of fractionated globulin analysis in the present study, it remains unclear which specific immunoglobulin components contributed to the observed increase.…”

“…The pattern of decreased creatinine levels observed in our study has also been noted in other species affected by sarcoptic mange, such as bobcats, southern hairy-nosed wombats, and common wombats [ 25 , 43 , 44 ]. In kit foxes, no differences were observed in serum biochemical test results based on the severity of skin lesions [ 26 ]. However, in our study, red foxes with severe skin lesions showed a significant decrease in creatinine levels compared to the localized infection group.…”

Sarcoptic Mange in Reintroduced Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in South Korea: Case Histories, Clinical Assessments, Treatments, and Pathological Findings

“…The CBC test results from our study, which showed distinct leukocytosis and anemia, are consistent with blood test results from other animals infected with sarcoptic mange, such as dogs, raccoon dogs, and southern hairy-nosed wombats [ 24 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. However, in mange-infected fox species, neither wild-caught kit foxes nor experimentally infected red foxes showed significant erythrocyte reduction, which contrasts with our findings [ 13 , 26 ]. Moreover, this reduction in red blood cells was more significant in the group with diffuse skin lesions compared to those with localized lesions.…”

“…Furthermore, except for one fox that exhibited extreme hypoglycemia (27 mg/dL), all other foxes had blood glucose levels within normal ranges. This contrasts with the generally reported hypoglycemia in animals with sarcoptic mange [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 43 , 44 ].…”

“…In our study, the serum chemistry results showed significant hypoalbuminemia and increased globulin levels, with an insignificant increase in liver enzyme levels. Increased globulin levels are indicative of an enhanced immune response, a finding that was also observed in studies of kit foxes infected with sarcoptic mange [ 26 ]. Due to the lack of fractionated globulin analysis in the present study, it remains unclear which specific immunoglobulin components contributed to the observed increase.…”

“…The pattern of decreased creatinine levels observed in our study has also been noted in other species affected by sarcoptic mange, such as bobcats, southern hairy-nosed wombats, and common wombats [ 25 , 43 , 44 ]. In kit foxes, no differences were observed in serum biochemical test results based on the severity of skin lesions [ 26 ]. However, in our study, red foxes with severe skin lesions showed a significant decrease in creatinine levels compared to the localized infection group.…”

A review of sarcoptic mange in North American wildlife

“…There are several examples of sarcoptic mange in novel hosts in the North America. The federally endangered kit fox ( Vulpes macrotis mutica ) has increased mortality in an urban, high-density population in Bakersfield, California (Cypher et al, 2017; Rudd et al, 2019). The case fatality rate in this population may be as high as 100%.…”

Sarcoptic Mange in Reintroduced Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in South Korea: Case Histories, Clinical Assessments, Treatments, and Pathological Findings

“…The CBC test results from our study, which showed distinct leukocytosis and anemia, are consistent with blood test results from other animals infected with sarcoptic mange, such as dogs, raccoon dogs, and southern hairy-nosed wombats [ 24 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. However, in mange-infected fox species, neither wild-caught kit foxes nor experimentally infected red foxes showed significant erythrocyte reduction, which contrasts with our findings [ 13 , 26 ]. Moreover, this reduction in red blood cells was more significant in the group with diffuse skin lesions compared to those with localized lesions.…”

“…Furthermore, except for one fox that exhibited extreme hypoglycemia (27 mg/dL), all other foxes had blood glucose levels within normal ranges. This contrasts with the generally reported hypoglycemia in animals with sarcoptic mange [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 43 , 44 ].…”

“…In our study, the serum chemistry results showed significant hypoalbuminemia and increased globulin levels, with an insignificant increase in liver enzyme levels. Increased globulin levels are indicative of an enhanced immune response, a finding that was also observed in studies of kit foxes infected with sarcoptic mange [ 26 ]. Due to the lack of fractionated globulin analysis in the present study, it remains unclear which specific immunoglobulin components contributed to the observed increase.…”

“…The pattern of decreased creatinine levels observed in our study has also been noted in other species affected by sarcoptic mange, such as bobcats, southern hairy-nosed wombats, and common wombats [ 25 , 43 , 44 ]. In kit foxes, no differences were observed in serum biochemical test results based on the severity of skin lesions [ 26 ]. However, in our study, red foxes with severe skin lesions showed a significant decrease in creatinine levels compared to the localized infection group.…”

A review of sarcoptic mange in North American wildlife

“…There are several examples of sarcoptic mange in novel hosts in the North America. The federally endangered kit fox ( Vulpes macrotis mutica ) has increased mortality in an urban, high-density population in Bakersfield, California (Cypher et al, 2017; Rudd et al, 2019). The case fatality rate in this population may be as high as 100%.…”

Sarcoptic Mange in Reintroduced Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in South Korea: Case Histories, Clinical Assessments, Treatments, and Pathological Findings

“…The CBC test results from our study, which showed distinct leukocytosis and anemia, are consistent with blood test results from other animals infected with sarcoptic mange, such as dogs, raccoon dogs, and southern hairy-nosed wombats [ 24 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. However, in mange-infected fox species, neither wild-caught kit foxes nor experimentally infected red foxes showed significant erythrocyte reduction, which contrasts with our findings [ 13 , 26 ]. Moreover, this reduction in red blood cells was more significant in the group with diffuse skin lesions compared to those with localized lesions.…”

“…Furthermore, except for one fox that exhibited extreme hypoglycemia (27 mg/dL), all other foxes had blood glucose levels within normal ranges. This contrasts with the generally reported hypoglycemia in animals with sarcoptic mange [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 43 , 44 ].…”

“…In our study, the serum chemistry results showed significant hypoalbuminemia and increased globulin levels, with an insignificant increase in liver enzyme levels. Increased globulin levels are indicative of an enhanced immune response, a finding that was also observed in studies of kit foxes infected with sarcoptic mange [ 26 ]. Due to the lack of fractionated globulin analysis in the present study, it remains unclear which specific immunoglobulin components contributed to the observed increase.…”

“…The pattern of decreased creatinine levels observed in our study has also been noted in other species affected by sarcoptic mange, such as bobcats, southern hairy-nosed wombats, and common wombats [ 25 , 43 , 44 ]. In kit foxes, no differences were observed in serum biochemical test results based on the severity of skin lesions [ 26 ]. However, in our study, red foxes with severe skin lesions showed a significant decrease in creatinine levels compared to the localized infection group.…”

A review of sarcoptic mange in North American wildlife

“…There are several examples of sarcoptic mange in novel hosts in the North America. The federally endangered kit fox ( Vulpes macrotis mutica ) has increased mortality in an urban, high-density population in Bakersfield, California (Cypher et al, 2017; Rudd et al, 2019). The case fatality rate in this population may be as high as 100%.…”