Helical organization of DNA-like liquid crystal filaments in cylindrical viral capsids

Abstract

We study equilibrium configurations of double-stranded DNA in a cylindrical viral capsid. The state of the encapsidated DNA consists of a disordered inner core enclosed by an ordered outer region, next to the capsid wall. The DNA configuration is described by a unit helical vector field, tangent to an associated centre curve, passing through properly selected locations. We postulate an expression for the energy of the encapsulated DNA based on that of columnar chromonic liquid crystals. A thorough analysis of the Euler–Lagrange equations yields multiple solutions. We demonstrate that there is a trivial, non-helical solution, together with two solutions with non-zero helicity of opposite sign. Using bifurcation analysis, we derive the conditions for local stability and determine when the preferred coiling state is helical. The bifurcation parameters are the ratio of the twist versus the bend moduli of DNA and the ratio between the sizes of the ordered and the disordered regions.