Health risk assessment related to an effect of sample size fractions: methodological remarks

Abstract

Contents of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in the material collected in sandboxes of seven spa resorts located in S Poland (CCE) and their results used to establish a health risk of children. After sieving out grains [ 2 mm, the bulk samples were quantitatively separated into four grain fractions: 2000-1000, 1000-200, 200-63 and \ 63 lm. In each of them were determined: the mineral composition, the total contents of the elements, and the distribution of the elements among the fractions distribution factor. In the bulk material \ 2 mm, the totals of the elements are 5-64 times lower than in the finest fractions (\ 63 lm). Considering that the finest fractions are enriched in clay minerals such as clinochlore, illite and kaolinite, which can adsorb and desorb metals, this material is most dangerous for children, staying both permanently and temporarily in the spas. The total health risks HI resulting from non-carcinogenic elements present in the fractions \ 63 lm are 1.26 and 0.94, for the children-residents 3 and 6 years old, respectively. The figures are disturbing as one of them exceeds and the other is close to a permissible limit of 1. The highest contribution (93.4%) into the total HI is caused by inadvertent swallowing the soil ''dirt'': the ingestion path HQ ing for the 3 years old residents is 1.17, and for the 6-year olds 0.88. With respect to the elements, the highest is the risk resulting from Pb: HQ in values of the residents are 4.71E-01 and 3.54E-01 for the 3-year olds and the 6-year olds. Slightly lower are the HQ ing values calculated for both age groups: in the case of Cr-3.12E-01 and 2.34E-01 and As-2.92E-01 and 2.19E-01). The dermal path (HQ dermal ) contributes to the total HI much less as it equals 6.5%, while the contribution of the inhalation path (HQ inhal ) is considerably the lowest and equals only 0.1%. The Risk indexes determined in the case of cancerogenic components for both age groups of the spa residents are lower than the permissible limit 10E-5 and equal 6.48E-06 and 9.72E-06, respectively. Considering the children that only visit the spas, all the calculated indexes, i.e., HI and Risk, are significantly lower than those determined for the children-residents.

Micro- and macroelement contents in the liver of farm and wild animals and the health risks involved in liver consumption

“…AB1050), with a precision of 10 −5 mg/dm 3 . LOD and LOQ values were calculated using formulas presented in Kicińska ( 2018 ) and are shown in Tables 1 and 2 . Repeatability of the results obtained was determined using an analysis of variance (FSP method—flexible statistical procedure—robust).…”

Arsenic, Cadmium and Thallium Content In Plants Growing In Close Proximity to a Zinc Works – Long-Term Observations

“…One is the lithosphere, or more precisely, its outermost layer called the pedosphere, from which plants absorb the macro-and micro-elements necessary for normal development through their root systems. The other potential source is precipitation or atmospheric dust settling on the aboveground parts of the plants, followed by a migration of solid or soluble pollutant particles through the stomata, resulting in their inclusion in the cellular metabolic processes (Chojnacka et al 2005, Kicińska 2018, 2019. Beside the primary (O, C, H, N) and secondary nutrients (Ca, K, Na, S, Mg, P, and Cl), plants also absorb trace elements, such as As, Cd, or Tl (Tyler and Olsson 2001).…”

Environment and Human Health: The Challenge of Uncertainty in Risk Assessment

“…Sometimes an estimate of dose or exposure can be back calculated from health effects when such relationships are clearly quantified. Receptors: Usually, the <6 year old girl is considered the most vulnerable (see for example [83]) as she carries eggs which will become her children (and may thus give rise to exposure of grandchildren) but depending on the situation and the chemical under consideration, the vulnerable receptor may be the elderly, pregnant women or other particularly exposed person (image: MS Office).…”