Health aspects of vegan diets among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analyses

Abstract

Health effects of vegan diets among children are a controversial public health topic. Thus, we evaluated a broad range of health outcomes among vegan children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years by a systematic review and meta-analyses. 17 studies met the inclusion criteria (16 cross-sectional studies, one randomized trial). Meta-analyzes showed lower intakes of protein (%E MD[95%CI]: -3.54 [-5.08, -2.00]) and higher intakes of fiber (g/1000kcal MD[95%CI]: 8.01 [6.96, 9.06]) in vegans compared to omnivores. Non-meta-analyzable studies showed lower calorie, vitamin B12 (when not using supplements) and selenium intakes, as well as lower blood levels of ferritin and vitamin B12. By contrast, vegans had significantly higher intakes of folate, vitamin C and iron. Levels of several cardiometabolic biomarkers (cholesterol, LDL) and indicators of bone health (vitamin D and calcium intake, vitamin D blood levels, bone mineral density) were lower in vegans. Risk of Bias was rated as high or very high in seven out of 17 primary studies. The Certainty of the Evidence was low or very low in all meta-analyses. Vegan children and adolescents following a vegan diet may have a beneficial cardiovascular risk profile but may be at risk for impaired bone health.