Hazards in the Perspective of Himalayan Terrain: A Review

Mushtaq, Fayma; Mantoo, Afaan Gulzar; Tirkey, Anamika Shalini; Ahmad, Sofi Zubair

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89308-8_2

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Another revelation by Gujree et al (2022) attributed early onset of snow melting period to a noted increase in temperature trends and hence supported previously cited claims of vulnerability of the Himalayas towards drier climatic extremes in the future. Mushtaq et al (2022) also confirmed temperature triggered melting and emphasized that outbursts in glacial lakes might significantly damage livelihood and infrastructure of existing and projected population expanses located downstream of the upper Indus basin. Hence, it is deemed that changes in the region's temperature attributes can have severe implications on delicate ecological balance and fragile environment of the Himalayas over Pakistan.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

On the emergence of a predicted climate change signal: When and where it could appear over Pakistan

Khan¹,

Wazir²,

Bokhari³

et al. 2023

EUR J SUSTAIN DEV RES

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Emergence of climate change signal attributed to change in mean temperature can bring serious implications to economic stability of developing countries like Pakistan. Likewise, unawareness of vulnerability in regions of a country can direct mitigation efforts towards unwanted areas instead of towards ones that are genuinely deprived of. To address these two issues for Pakistan, we adopted a compendium of five metrics by using climate model data of near surface mean monthly temperature from output of a general circulation model MRI-ESM2-0 of Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), simulated under historical (1850-2014) and projected (2015-2100) periods for five shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) described in the sixth assessment report (AR6) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) originally published in the year 2021. To identify potential hotspot regions, we used four out of the five metrics i.e., change in mean (DM–vulnerability metric), standard Euclidean distance (SED–vulnerability metric), change in standard deviation (DSD–stability metric), and standard score (Z-Score–stability metric) statistics for regional bounds of Pakistan. To investigate emergence of climate change signal, we computed the fifth metric viz. signal to noise ratio (SNR–agility metric) from time series of the near surface mean monthly temperature and checked how rapidly the subject signal emerged out of variability in the studied data under different scenarios. On the estimation of vulnerability and stability, our results revealed that the Himalayan region of Pakistan (the northeast corner) repeatedly appeared to be the most qualified region to be acclaimed as a hotspot due to its reach to optimal echelons in the associated metrics of the DM (more than four degrees), the SED (up to one), the DSD (close to null) and the Z-Score (close to null) under all the studied SSP scenarios. On the estimation of agility, our results revealed that owing to allegedly sustainable scenarios (with low to medium challenges to mitigation), the SSP1, the SSP2, and the SSP4 delayed the evolution of climate change signal (between 2070 to 2100) by at least two decades as compared to allegedly perplexing (high challenges to mitigation) SSP3 and SSP5 scenarios that accelerated the appearance of the signal by crossing the SNR threshold fairly earlier (between 2040 to 2060) in the 21<sup>st</sup> century. With such knowledge at hand, this scientific contribution can advise policymakers and stakeholder agencies to exercise conversant decisions and to equip themselves with evidence to prioritize and target their resources in an informed way over Pakistan region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%