Hand-held optical imager (Gen-2): improved instrumentation and target detectability

Gonzalez, Jean; DeCerce, Joseph; Erickson, Sarah J.; Martínez, Sergio; Nuñez, A.; Roman, Manuela; Traub, Barbara; Flores, Cecilia; Roberts, Seigbeh M.; Hernández, E Hernández; Aguirre, Wenceslao; Kiszonas, Richard; Godavarty, Anuradha

doi:10.1117/1.jbo.17.8.081402

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The 5-piece probe design allows flexibility to fully contour to the curvature of the breast tissue. Extensive details of the gen-2 imaging system can be found in reference 37. Continuous-wave optical intensity images of total hemoglobin absorption were collected using the gen-1 and gen-2 imagers via reflectance imaging.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive surface imaging of breast cancer in humans using a hand-held optical imager

Erickson-Bhatt

Roman

Gonzalez

et al. 2015

Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express

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X-ray mammography, the current gold standard for breast cancer detection, has a 20% false-negative rate (cancer is undetected) and increases in younger women with denser breast tissue. Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) is a safe (nonionizing), and relatively inexpensive method for noninvasive imaging of breast cancer in human subjects (including dense breast tissues) by providing physiological information (e.g. oxy- and deoxy- hemoglobin concentration). At the Optical Imaging Laboratory, a hand-held optical imager has been developed which employs a breast contourable probe head to perform simultaneous illumination and detection of large surfaces towards near real-time imaging of human breast cancer. Gen-1 and gen-2 versions of the handheld optical imager have been developed and previously demonstrated imaging in tissue phantoms and healthy human subjects. Herein, the hand-held optical imagers are applied towards in vivo imaging of breast cancer subjects in an attempt to determine the ability of the imager to detect breast tumors. Five female human subjects (ages 51–74) diagnosed with breast cancer were imaged with the gen-1 optical imager prior to surgical intervention. One of the subjects was also imaged with the gen-2 optical imager. Both imagers use 785 nm laser diode sources and ICCD camera detectors to generate 2D surfaces maps of total hemoglobin absorption. The subjects lay in supine position and images were collected at various locations on both the ipsilateral (tumor-containing) and contralateral (non-tumor containing) breasts. The optical images (2D surface maps of optical absorption due to total hemoglobin concentration) show regions of higher intensity at the tumor location, which is indicative of increased vasculature and higher blood content due to the presence of the tumor. Additionally, a preliminary result indicates the potential to image lymphatic spread. This study demonstrates the potential of the hand-held optical devices to noninvasively image breast cancer in human subjects.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive surface imaging of breast cancer in humans using a hand-held optical imager

Erickson-Bhatt

Roman

Gonzalez

et al. 2015

Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express

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“…The pair scanning scheme is not common in the imaging schemes. One of interesting challenge was the development of a hand-held scanner basically using the pair scanning scheme [18,19]. They have considered the background fluorescence to evaluate their method.…”

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confidence: 99%

Contrast improvement in indocyanine green fluorescence sensing in thick tissue using a time-gating method

Nishimura¹

2019

Biomed. Opt. Express

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Indocyanine green-based fluorescence imaging techniques are very powerful in clinical applications, but the imaging is restricted to the signal from the near-surface region of tissue. Here, we focus on the method to discriminate the fluorescence signal from the background using a time-domain gating technique. The contrast of the fluorescence image from a fluorescence object at more than 1 cm depth in a meat phantom could be enhanced about 4-5 times relative to the continuous wave method if the time-gate range was properly selected. Further, a Monte Carlo simulation with a simple background model indicates that a shorter source and detector distance is more effective to improve the contrast. The simple time-gating method will enable a highly sensitive fluorescence detection in thick tissue. IntroductionThe detection of clinically specific fluorescence signal in thick tissues is very important in advanced medical applications. For example, the detection of the sentinel lymphonodes (SLNs) during the breast cancer surgery is one of the keys to improve the clinical outcome for the patients after the surgery [1]. There are several methods to visualize SLNs using the blue dye method, the indocyanine green (ICG) dye-based fluorescence angiography and the radioisotope (RI) injection. The former two optical methods are beneficial for reducing the cost and limitation of the facilities but the detection is only limited to a shallow region of tissue. In contrast, the RI methods are very sensitive but there are large problems such as the exposure to RIs, the facility and the cost. Therefore, new technologies free from the drawback of the RI method are highly demanded for the detection of SLNs in thick tissues. One of the current procedure is the intraoperative sensing of SLNs using a small gamma ray detection probe. The clinician is interactively searching the origin of the RIs, which are accumulated in SLNs [2]. Further, the procedure is sometimes conducted with the blue dye method or the ICG method to help the resection by clinician and the results are quite successful [3].The fluorescence technique here is basically a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging by a charge coupled device (CCD) camera or an intensified CCD camera with planar illumination. These devices are commercially available and actually using in many cases [4]. However, the detection depth is limited to around 1 cm because of the strong scattering and the absorption by tissue [5,6], and thus the RI method is still a standard method. The photo acoustic imaging (PAI) is also focused to overcome the problems of the RI method. There are many demonstration studies in vitro and in vivo with small animals [7] and a pioneering study with human subject has been reported recently [8]. The depth sensitivity of PAI is considerably high and the wide depth range is the most important advantage of this method among other optical methods. However, the sensitivity to the contrast agents seems to be low compared with that of the fluorescence technique [9]. The multimodal ap...

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“…6 sources on the Gen-1 hand-held optical imaging probe) was maintained for the Gen-2 hand-held optical imaging probe (3 sources on each of the two probe heads). The sources are arranged to maximize the total area illumination of the Gen-2 probe [29,30,38,39]. The optical source intensity distribution of the Gen-1 and Gen-2 optical fibers were compared with an optical power meter (Thorlabs, Newton, New Jersey P100, S121B) after optimization of the source output to 2 mW.…”

Section: Computer Controlled Multichannel Controllermentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first Generation hand-held optical imaging system could be operated to acquire either CW or FD measurements, as described in the principal of imaging The first Generation imager was originally designed to test how effective a hand-held optical probe could be used towards target detection. The design proved to be very viable but it has drawbacks as in table 6 [38,39].The solutions to the drawbacks of the Gen-1 imager are displayed on table. The overall goal to address specific task 1 (development of the improved hand-held optical imager) was to improve various aspects of imaging using a hand-held imager (improve target detectibility, patient comfort, and increase target depth recovery), thus creating an imager that was more suited towards the clinical environment.…”

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Development and Testing of a Second Generation Hand-held Optical Imager

Gonzalez¹

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Professor Anuradha Godavarty, Major ProfessorHand-held optical imagers are developed towards clinical breast cancer imaging. Herein, a Gen-2 hand-held optical imager has been developed with unique features: (i) image curved breast tissues with ~86% surface contact, and (ii) perform reflectance and transillumination imaging using the novel forked probe heads. Extensive phantom studies were performed using 1% Liposyn solution (background, ~ 300 ml and 1000 ml volumes) and 0.45 cc India Ink (absorption) targets, under different target:background contrast ratios and target depths. Twodimensional surface images detected target(s) up to 2.5 cm deep via reflectance imaging, and up to 5 cm deep via transillumination imaging. Preliminary studies on gel-based breast phantoms (~700 ml) detected targets via reflectance and transillumination imaging. Preliminary in-vivo reflectance studies on normal and cancerous breast tissues also detected targets, although with artifacts. In future, the portable Gen-2 imager has potential for clinical breast imaging via reflectance and transillumination approach after extensive in-vivo studies.iv Chapter 2 contains the background work for this thesis, it includes the theory of optical imaging, comparison of optical with other imaging modalities, an overview of other hand-held optical imagers developed to date and a description of the Gen-1 imager complete with modifications for the Gen-2 imager. Chapter 3 contains the instrumentation of the second Generation hand-held optical imaging system. Chapters 4-7 experimental studies focus on the viability and testing of the Gen-2 imager, initially conducted on liquid phantoms and progressing to gel phantoms an finally human subject studies. CHAPTER 2: BackgroundThe background chapter provides an explanation of the basics of near-infrared optical imaging, its theory, measurement approaches, and the description of various optical imaging devices to date. The hand-held optical devices developed to date by various researchers are also described, followed by the motivation to the development of the second Generation (or Gen-2) hand-held optical imager. Basic information on near-infrared optical imagingOptical wavelengths extend from about 300-1300 nm. The energy found in these wavelengths is <10 electron volts (eV) meaning the energy found in optical wavelengths is non- Deeper tissue penetration allows optical imaging to be implemented as an imaging technology for breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Table 1 6 imaging provides a functional imaging modality with decent resolution and contrast while requiring less imaging time than nuclear and MRI for a less expensive device. Theory of near-infrared optical imagingBiological tissue is a high scattering low absorption medium or high (probability of photon scattering by a medium per unit path length) low (probability of absorption by a medium per unit path length). When scattering occurs the photon is directed within a range of possible deflection angles g (average of cosine of scatterin...

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Hand-held optical imager (Gen-2): improved instrumentation and target detectability

Cited by 16 publications

References 34 publications

Noninvasive surface imaging of breast cancer in humans using a hand-held optical imager

Noninvasive surface imaging of breast cancer in humans using a hand-held optical imager

Contrast improvement in indocyanine green fluorescence sensing in thick tissue using a time-gating method

Development and Testing of a Second Generation Hand-held Optical Imager

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