Halon-1301 – further evidence of its performance as an age tracer in New Zealand groundwater

Abstract

Abstract. We recently discovered a new groundwater age tracer, Halon-1301, which can be used to date groundwater recharged after the 1970s. In a previous study, we showed that Halon-1301 reliably inferred groundwater age at the majority of groundwater sites studied. At those sites, ages inferred from Halon-1301 agreed with those inferred from SF 6 and tritium, two reliable widely applied groundwater age tracers. A few samples, however, showed reduced concentrations of Halon-1301, preventing meaningful age interpretation from its concentration. These reduced concentrations were likely a result of degradation or retardation of Halon-1301 in the aquifer. However, we could not provide full evidence for this due to the limited number of groundwater samples analysed (18 in total). In this study, we assess the potential of Halon-1301 as a groundwater age tracer for a larger dataset of groundwater samples under specific groundwater conditions, including highly anoxic young groundwater which can significantly degrade Halon-1301, to gain more information on the magnitude of occurrence and the causes of reduced Halon-1301 concentrations.In this study, we analysed 302 groundwater samples for Halon-1301, SF 6 , tritium and the CFCs CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113. Comparison of age information inferred from the concentrations of these tracers allows assessment of the performance of Halon-1301 compared to other well established and widely used age tracers. The samples are taken from different groundwater environments in New Zealand and include anoxic and oxic waters with mean residence times ranging from < 2 years to over 150 years (tritium-free).

Excess Air Correction of SF6 and Other Dissolved Gases in Groundwater Impacted by Compressed Air From Drilling or Well Development

“…This amount is doubled (3.4) for trifluoromethyl sulfurpentafluoride (SF 5 CF 3 ) because it is approximately two times less soluble than SF 6 (Busenberg & Plummer, 2008). The CFCs and Halon 1301 are considerably more soluble than SF 6 (Beyer et al, 2017), so excess air is a smaller fraction of the dissolved concentration (CFC-11: 0.04, CFC-12, and CFC-113: 0.14, Halon 1301: 0.21). Methods based on these anthropogenic trace gases generally rely on atmospheric concentrations increasing over time.…”