Gynoecium Structure and Evolution in Basal Angiosperms

Endress, Peter K.; Igersheim, Anton

doi:10.1086/317572

Cited by 258 publications

(270 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…This set of relationships has been used to formalize a classification system for angiosperms (APG II 2003) and to guide investigation of various aspects of early angiosperm evolution (e.g., Endress and Igersheim 2000;Friis et al 2000;Thien et al 2000;Williams and Friedman 2002;Ronse De Craene et al 2003;Feild et al 2004;Kramer et al 2004). Work is still needed to establish firmly that the current consensus rests on a solid phylogenetic foundation and, more importantly, to resolve the polytomy among Ceratophyllum, Chloranthaceae, monocots, magnoliids, and eudicots.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Analyses of Basal Angiosperms Based on Nine Plastid, Mitochondrial, and Nuclear Genes

Qiu¹,

Dombrovska²,

Lee³

et al. 2005

International Journal of Plant Sciences

162

127

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DNA sequences of nine genes (plastid: atpB, matK, and rbcL; mitochondrial: atp1, matR, mtSSU, and mtLSU; nuclear: 18S and 26S rDNAs) from 100 species of basal angiosperms and gymnosperms were analyzed using parsimony, Bayesian, and maximum likelihood methods. All of these analyses support the following consensus of relationships among basal angiosperms. First, Amborella, Nymphaeaceae, and Austrobaileyales are strongly supported as a basal grade in the angiosperm phylogeny, with either Amborella or Amborella and Nymphaeales as sister to all other angiosperms. An examination of nucleotide substitution patterns of all nine genes ruled out any possibility of analytical artifacts because of RNA editing and GC-content bias in placing these taxa at the base of the angiosperm phylogeny. Second, Magnoliales are sister to Laurales and Piperales are sister to Canellales. These four orders together constitute the magnoliid clade. Finally, the relationships among Ceratophyllum, Chloranthaceae, monocots, magnoliids, and eudicots are resolved in different ways in various analyses, mostly with low support. Our study indicates caution in total evidence approaches in that some of the genes employed (e.g., mtSSU, mtLSU, and nuclear 26S rDNA) added signal that conflicted with the other genes in resolving certain parts of the phylogenetic tree.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Analyses of Basal Angiosperms Based on Nine Plastid, Mitochondrial, and Nuclear Genes

Qiu¹,

Dombrovska²,

Lee³

et al. 2005

International Journal of Plant Sciences

162

127

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…-A recurrent feature in all the lines considered here is carpels with a single median, pendent ovule (Amborell aceae, Hydatellaceae, Trimeniaceae, Chloranthaceae, Ceratophyllaceae; Endress & Igersheim, 2000a;Figs. 6, 7).…”

Section: Version Of Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carpels, angiospermy. -In a long term study on gynoecium structure in all families of basal angiosperms (including the taxa considered here and magnoliids, "basal" monocots, and "basal" eudicots) by Igersheim and Endress (e.g., Igersheim & Endress, 1997;Endress & Igersheim, 2000a) it was found (1) that most carpels in the ANITA grade are pronouncedly ascidiate (sack or bottle shaped, with only a very restricted morphological entrance into the inner space of the carpel), rather than plicate (folded down the middle), and (2) that carpel sealing (i.e., angiospermy) is not by postgenital fusion (where the carpel margins come together in development and their immature epidermises dedifferentiate and fuse) but merely by secretion. Exceptions in the ANITA grade are rare (see below).…”

Section: Ancestral Traits Of (Living) Angiosperms (Figs 2-7)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A consequence of largely free and strongly ascidiate carpels is that an intragynoecial compitum, i.e., an area within the gynoecium where pollen tubes can grow from the stigmatic surface of one carpel to the ovule(s) of another, is lacking (Endress & Igersheim, 2000a). Alternative adaptations within the basal lines are discussed below.…”

Section: Ancestral Traits Of (Living) Angiosperms (Figs 2-7)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ancestral traits and specializations in the flowers of the basal grade of living angiosperms

Endress

Doyle

2015

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New morphological and phylogenetic data prompt us to present an updated review of floral morphology and its evolution in the basal ANITA grade of living angiosperms, Chloranthaceae, and Ceratophyllum. Floral phyllotaxis is complex whorled in Nymphaeales and spiral in Amborella and Austrobaileyales. It is unresolved whether phyllotaxis was ancestrally whorled or spiral, but if it was whorled, the whorls were trimerous. The flowers are probably ancestrally bisexual because in most families with unisexual flowers these flowers exhibit rudiments of the opposite sex. Carpels are largely ascidiate and the closure line is short, either transverse or longitudinal. A style is usually absent or, if present, generally short and not plicate. Angiospermy (carpel sealing) is by secretion, rather than postgenital fusion, except in large‐flowered Nymphaeales and in Illicium, correlated with unusual fruits. Carpels with a single, median, pendent ovule are probably plesiomorphic. Chloranth‐ aceae and Ceratophyllaceae have an unsettled phylogenetic position, but in some phylogenetic analyses they form a clade, which may be sister to the remaining mesangiosperms (Magnoliidae, monocots, eudicots). This position is supported by their carpel characters, which are similar to those of the ANITA grade and different from those of most other mesangiosperms.

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“…Most basal angiosperm taxa are bitegmic, that is, their ovules possess two integuments (Endress and Igersheim, 2000), and the earliest angiosperms were likely bitegmic (Doyle and Endress, 2000). Ovules of several diverse angiosperm lineages have a single integument (Philipson, 1977), indicating that unitegmy has arisen several times during angiosperm evolution (Stebbins, 1974;Bouman, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Derived Unitegmy among Impatiens Species

2005

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Morphological transitions associated with ovule diversification provide unique opportunities for studies of developmental evolution. Here, we investigate the underlying mechanisms of one such transition, reduction in integument number, which has occurred several times among diverse angiosperms. In particular, reduction in integument number occurred early in the history of the asterids, a large clade comprising approximately one-third of all flowering plants. Unlike the vast majority of other eudicots, nearly all asterids have a single integument, with the only exceptions in the Ericales, a sister group to the other asterids. Impatiens, a genus of the Ericales, includes species with one integument, two integuments, or an apparently intermediate bifid integument. A comparison of the development of representative Impatiens species and analysis of the expression patterns of putative orthologs of the Arabidopsis thaliana ovule development gene INNER NO OUTER (INO) has enabled us to propose a mechanism responsible for morphological transitions between integument types in this group. We attribute transitions between each of the three integument morphologies to congenital fusion via a combination of variation in the location of subdermal growth beneath primordia and the merging of primordia. Evidence of multiple transitions in integument morphology among Impatiens species suggests that control of underlying developmental programs is relatively plastic and that changes in a small number of genes may have been responsible for the transitions. Our expression data also indicate that the role of INO in the outgrowth and abaxial-adaxial polarity of the outer integument has been conserved between two divergent angiosperms, the rosid Arabidopsis and the asterid Impatiens.

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Gynoecium Structure and Evolution in Basal Angiosperms

Cited by 258 publications

References 62 publications

Phylogenetic Analyses of Basal Angiosperms Based on Nine Plastid, Mitochondrial, and Nuclear Genes

Phylogenetic Analyses of Basal Angiosperms Based on Nine Plastid, Mitochondrial, and Nuclear Genes

Ancestral traits and specializations in the flowers of the basal grade of living angiosperms

Mechanisms of Derived Unitegmy among Impatiens Species

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