Guttation 1: chemistry, crop husbandry and molecular farming

Singh, Sanjay Kumar; Singh, T. N.

doi:10.1007/s11101-012-9269-x

Cited by 43 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…The term guttation has long been known as a virulence mechanism of phytopathogenic and entomopathogenic micro-organisms (Hutwimmer et al 2010;Singh and Singh 2013;Singh 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Penicillium expansum strain isolated from indoor building material was able to grow on gypsum board and emitted guttation droplets containing chaetoglobosins and communesins A, B and D

et al. 2019

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AimsEmission of toxic metabolites in guttation droplets of common indoor fungi is not well documented. The aims of this study were (i) to compare mycotoxins in biomass and guttation droplets from indoor fungi from a building following health complaints among occupants, (ii) to identify the most toxic strain and to test if mycotoxins in guttation liquids migrated trough air and (iii) to test if toxigenic Penicillium expansum strains grew on gypsum board.Methods and ResultsBiomass suspensions and guttation droplets from individual fungal colonies representing Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Penicillium, Stachybotrys and Paecilomyces were screened toxic to mammalian cells. The most toxic strain, RcP61 (CBS 145620), was identified as Pen. expansum Link by sequence analysis of the ITS region and a calmodulin gene fragment, and confirmed by the Westerdijk Institute based on ITS and beta‐tubulin sequences. The strain was isolated from a cork liner, was able to grow on gypsum board and to produce toxic substances in biomass extracts and guttation droplets inhibiting proliferation of somatic cells (PK‐15, MNA, FL) in up to 20 000‐fold dilutions. Toxic compounds in biomass extracts and/or guttation droplets were determined by HPLC and LC‐MS. Strain RcP61 produced communesins A, B and D, and chaetoglobosins in guttation droplets (the liquid emitted from them) and biomass extracts. The toxins of the guttation droplets migrated c. 1 cm through air and condensed on a cool surface.ConclusionsThe mycotoxin‐containing guttation liquids emitted by Pen. expansum grown on laboratory medium exhibited airborne migration and were >100 times more toxic in bioassays than guttation droplets produced by indoor isolates of the genera Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Stachybotrys and Paecilomyces. Significance and Impact of the StudyToxic exudates produced by Pen. expansum containing communesins A, B and D, and chaetoglobosins were transferable by air. This may represent a novel mechanism of mycotoxin dispersal in indoor environment.

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“…The term guttation has long been known as a virulence mechanism of phytopathogenic and entomopathogenic micro-organisms (Hutwimmer et al 2010;Singh and Singh 2013;Singh 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Penicillium expansum strain isolated from indoor building material was able to grow on gypsum board and emitted guttation droplets containing chaetoglobosins and communesins A, B and D

et al. 2019

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“…Guttation (Burgerstein 1887 ) is a natural phenomenon observed in a wide range of plant species (Bugbee and Koerner 2002 ; Singh and Singh 2013 ). Guttations are water droplets that are exuded from specific secretory tissues (hydathodes) located along the margins and tips of leaves in response to root pressure or excess water conditions (Goatley and Lewis 1966 ; Koulman et al 2007 ; Katsuhara et al 2008 ; Duby and Boutry 2009 ).…”

Section: Environmental Fate and Exposure In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a comprehensive review of guttations, Singh and Singh ( 2013 ) reported that different secretory organs such as nectaries, hydathodes, and trichomes, produce secretions with varying functions including the disposal of solutes, improvement of hormone and nutrient acquisition, attraction (i.e., for pollination) or repulsion (for defense purposes). However, these liquid secretions are not to be confused with guttations, which are much more prominent.…”

Section: Environmental Fate and Exposure In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental fate and exposure; neonicotinoids and fipronil

Bonmatin

Giorio

Girolami

et al. 2014

Environ Sci Pollut Res

1,058

748

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Systemic insecticides are applied to plants using a wide variety of methods, ranging from foliar sprays to seed treatments and soil drenches. Neonicotinoids and fipronil are among the most widely used pesticides in the world. Their popularity is largely due to their high toxicity to invertebrates, the ease and flexibility with which they can be applied, their long persistence, and their systemic nature, which ensures that they spread to all parts of the target crop. However, these properties also increase the probability of environmental contamination and exposure of nontarget organisms. Environmental contamination occurs via a number of routes including dust generated during drilling of dressed seeds, contamination and accumulation in arable soils and soil water, runoff into waterways, and uptake of pesticides by nontarget plants via their roots or dust deposition on leaves. Persistence in soils, waterways, and nontarget plants is variable but can be prolonged; for example, the half-lives of neonicotinoids in soils can exceed 1,000 days, so they can accumulate when used repeatedly. Similarly, they can persist in woody plants for periods exceeding 1 year. Breakdown results in toxic metabolites, though concentrations of these in the environment are rarely measured. Overall, there is strong evidence that soils, waterways, and plants in agricultural environments and neighboring areas are contaminated with variable levels of neonicotinoids or fipronil mixtures and their metabolites (soil, parts per billion (ppb)-parts per million (ppm) range; water, parts per trillion (ppt)-ppb range; and plants, ppb-ppm range). This provides multiple routes for chronic (and acute in some cases) exposure of nontarget animals. For example, pollinators are exposed through direct contact with dust during drilling; consumption of pollen, nectar, or guttation drops from seed-treated crops, water, and consumption of contaminated pollen and nectar from wild flowers and trees growing near-treated crops. Studies of food stores in honeybee colonies from across the globe demonstrate that colonies are routinely and chronically exposed to neonicotinoids, fipronil, and their metabolites (generally in the 1–100 ppb range), mixed with other pesticides some of which are known to act synergistically with neonicotinoids. Other nontarget organisms, particularly those inhabiting soils, aquatic habitats, or herbivorous insects feeding on noncrop plants in farmland, will also inevitably receive exposure, although data are generally lacking for these groups. We summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the environmental fate of these compounds by outlining what is known about the chemical properties of these compounds, and placing these properties in the context of modern agricultural practices.

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“…Sodium restricts potassium influx into the plant cell under saline conditions (Kronzucker et al, 2006), thus affecting the K + :Na + ratio. Hydathode exudes guttation fluid, which contains many organic and inorganic substances (Goatley & Lewis, 1966;Islam & Kawasaki, 2015;Mizuno et al, 2002;Shapira et al, 2013;Singh & Singh, 2013). Sodium exudation through guttation flow has been shown to increase considerably in some plants under saline conditions (Maathuis et al, 2014).…”

Section: Observations Of Internal Morphology Of Hydathodesmentioning

confidence: 99%