Gut microbial metabolism defines host metabolism: an emerging perspective in obesity and allergic inflammation

Kumari, Mamta; Kozyrskyj, Anita L.

doi:10.1111/obr.12484

Cited by 98 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 119 publications

(180 reference statements)

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“…The main products of nutrient breakdown by microbes are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the predominant ones being acetate, butyrate, and propionate and to a lesser degree branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), valerate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate (3). Less well studied are lactate and succinate, intermediate metabolites in the microbial production of SCFAs (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is increasing evidence that gut microbial metabolites have wider systemic effects in the host through their action as signaling molecules and involvement in regulators of gene expression (6, 7). SCFAs have been linked to appetite suppression by activating free fatty acid receptors in the intestine and increasing circulating anorectic gut hormones (3). They have also been shown to play an important role in the activation and differentiation of immune cells and have been implicated in inflammatory and allergic disease (3, 8, 9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SCFAs have been linked to appetite suppression by activating free fatty acid receptors in the intestine and increasing circulating anorectic gut hormones (3). They have also been shown to play an important role in the activation and differentiation of immune cells and have been implicated in inflammatory and allergic disease (3, 8, 9). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Variations by Breastfeeding Status in Infants at 4 Months: Differences in Relative versus Absolute Concentrations

Bridgman¹,

Field²,

Haqq³

et al. 2017

Front. Nutr.

117

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Our gut microbiota provide a number of important functions, one of which is the metabolism of dietary fiber and other macronutrients that are undigested by the host. The main products of this fermentation process are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and other intermediate metabolites including lactate and succinate. Production of these metabolites is dependent on diet and gut microbiota composition. There is increasing evidence for the role of SCFAs in host physiology and metabolic processes as well as chronic inflammatory conditions such as allergic disease and obesity. We aimed to investigate differences in fecal SCFAs and intermediate metabolites in 163 infants at 3–5 months of age according to breastfeeding status. Compared to no exposure to human milk at time of fecal sample collection, exclusive breastfeeding was associated with lower absolute concentrations of total SCFAs, acetate, butyrate, propionate, valerate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate, yet higher concentrations of lactate. Further, the relative proportion of acetate was higher with exclusive breastfeeding. Compared to non-breastfed infants, those exclusively breastfed were four times more likely (aOR 4.50, 95% CI 1.58–12.82) to have a higher proportion of acetate relative to other SCFAs in their gut. This association was independent of birth mode, intrapartum antibiotics, infant sex, age, recruitment site, and maternal BMI or socioeconomic status. Our study confirms that breastfeeding strongly influences the composition of fecal microbial metabolites in infancy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Variations by Breastfeeding Status in Infants at 4 Months: Differences in Relative versus Absolute Concentrations

Bridgman¹,

Field²,

Haqq³

et al. 2017

Front. Nutr.

117

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…They are produced by gut microbes and are used as an energy source by intestinal epithelial cells; after absorption, they may be easily utilized by the liver to increase gluconeogenesis [39]. Fatty acids can also play a strategic role in influencing the sensory profile of formulae for infants with CMA.…”

Section: Fats In Infant Formulae Intended For Medical Condition (Amentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Lipids in Human Milk and Infant Formulae

et al. 2018

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The quantity and quality of dietary lipids in infant formulae have a significant impact on health outcomes, especially when fat storing and/or absorption are limited (e.g., preterm birth and short bowel disease) or when fat byproducts may help to prevent some pathologies (e.g., atopy). The lipid composition of infant formulae varies according to the different fat sources used, and the potential biological effects are related to the variety of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. For example, since lipids are the main source of energy when the normal absorptive capacity of the digestive tract is compromised, medium-chain saturated fatty acids might cover this requirement. Instead, ruminant-derived trans fatty acids and metabolites of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with their anti-inflammatory properties can modulate immune function. Furthermore, dietary fats may influence the nutrient profile of formulae, improving the acceptance of these products and the compliance with dietary schedules.

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“…Moreover, lower bacterial richness in the human gut has been associated with markedly higher body weight and fat mass [14]. In addition to the body weight-related variables, the quality of the intestinal ecosystem has been associated with systemic inflammation, plasma lipids, glycaemia, and blood pressure [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Self-reported Use of Probiotics is Associated with Better Glycaemic Control and Lower Odds of Metabolic Syndrome and its Components in Type 1 Diabetes

Ahola¹,

Harjutsalo²,

Forsblom³

et al. 2017

J Prob Health

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In type 1 diabetes, various metabolic disturbances are frequently observed. Importantly, these may negatively affect individuals' long-term health outcomes. The use of probiotics has, in other populations, been beneficially associated with many of these risk factors. We, therefore, assessed the cross-sectional associations between the use of probiotics-containing food products or supplements and various health markers in a large population of individuals with type 1 diabetes.Included were 1039 individuals (mean age 46 ± 14 years, 45% men) with type 1 diabetes and without end-stage renal disease. Based on the entries in the diet questionnaire and the food record, participants were divided into those using (Probiotics yes ) and not using (Probiotics no ) probiotics-containing products. Various standard health markers, such as weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood lipids, and HbA 1c , were measured during the study visit.In all, 403 (39%) individuals reported using probiotics. Adjusted with potential confounders, the rate of overweight/ obesity, body mass index, and waist-to-hip ratio were higher in the Probiotics no group. Moreover, the odds of metabolic syndrome, and its waist, blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride components were higher amongst those not using probiotics. In the normal-weight individuals, using probiotics was associated with significantly better glycaemic control.Using probiotics-containing food products or supplements may beneficially affect many of the traditional risk factors related to the diabetic complications. Randomized controlled trials are required to verify these observations.

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Gut microbial metabolism defines host metabolism: an emerging perspective in obesity and allergic inflammation

Cited by 98 publications

References 119 publications

Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Variations by Breastfeeding Status in Infants at 4 Months: Differences in Relative versus Absolute Concentrations

Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Variations by Breastfeeding Status in Infants at 4 Months: Differences in Relative versus Absolute Concentrations

The Role of Lipids in Human Milk and Infant Formulae

The Self-reported Use of Probiotics is Associated with Better Glycaemic Control and Lower Odds of Metabolic Syndrome and its Components in Type 1 Diabetes

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