Gut hormones and the control of appetite

Small, Cephas E.; Bloom, S.R.

doi:10.1016/j.tem.2004.06.002

Cited by 122 publications

(86 citation statements)

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“…The release of PP after a meal occurs in proportion to the fat and calories ingested, and levels remain elevated for hours postprandially, also influencing fasting PP values. 1,36 As the postprandial release of PP is reduced in obese subjects, 4,19,[37][38][39] this may explain the lower fasting PP levels in obese subjects. As PP concentrations were not related to the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin, and the changes of PP concentrations were not correlated to the changes of leptin, a direct link between adipose tissue and PP levels seems unlikely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These peptides bind with to all the NPY receptors, but PP and PYY preferentially bind to Y4, Y2 and Y1 receptors, which are present in both the brainstem and arcuate nucleus. [2][3][4] The 36-amino-acid peptide PP is produced under vagal control by the peripheral cells of the endocrine pancreatic islets, and to a lesser extent in the exocrine pancreas, colon and rectum in response to a meal and to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. 1,[5][6][7] PP has been reported to reduce food intake in several animal models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,[5][6][7] PP has been reported to reduce food intake in several animal models. 4 In contrast to centraladministered PP, which increases food intake in many species, 2,4,8,9 peripherally injected PP induced a negative energy balance in mice by increasing energy expenditure and decreasing food intake. [8][9][10] Following peripheral administration of PP, the expression of hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptides NPY and orexin mRNA is significantly reduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pancreatic polypeptide in obese children before and after weight loss

et al. 2006

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Objective: Little is known concerning pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in weight loss and in childhood obesity. Methods: Fasting PP, leptin and insulin concentrations were determined in 38 obese children and compared with 35 lean children of the same age, gender and pubertal stage. Furthermore, changes of PP concentrations over a 1-year period were analyzed in the obese children participating in a weight loss intervention program. Results: Obese children had significantly (Po0.01) lower PP, and higher leptin and insulin levels compared to lean children. In multiple linear regression analysis, PP was significantly negatively correlated to body mass index (Po0.01), but not to leptin, insulin, age, gender and pubertal stage. Changes of PP did not significantly correlate to changes of insulin (r ¼ 0.07, P ¼ 0.343) and leptin (r ¼ À0.02, P ¼ 0.459). The substantial weight loss in 17 children led to a significant (Po0.05) increase in PP and decrease in insulin and leptin. In the 21 children without substantial weight loss, there were no significant changes in PP, insulin and leptin. Conclusions: PP concentrations are decreased in obese children and independent of age, gender, pubertal stage, leptin and insulin. The decrease of PP in obese children normalized after weight loss. Therefore, low PP concentrations reflect the overweight status, rather than cause it.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pancreatic polypeptide in obese children before and after weight loss

et al. 2006

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“…Ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) levels were obtained commercially (InterScience Institute, Englewood, CA) as previously reported [Butler et al, 2004]. Ghrelin is a neuropeptide produced by the stomach which stimulates eating and PYY produced by the intestine inhibits eating [Druce and Bloom, 2003;Small and Bloom, 2004].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 9‐year‐old male with a duplication of chromosome 3p25.3p26.2: Clinical report and gene expression analysis

Bittel

Kibiryeva

Dasouki

et al. 2006

American J of Med Genetics Pt A

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We describe a 9-year-old male referred for genetic evaluation for Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). PWS is the most common genetically-defined cause of life-threatening obesity and results from a functional loss of paternally-expressed genes from the chromosome 15q11-q13 region. The patient presented with pervasive developmental disorder, delayed speech and rapid onset of obesity at age 4 years, all features similar to PWS. However, chromosome 15q11-q13 methylation testing and fragile X studies were normal. GTG-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization with whole chromosome 3 paint probe and a chromosome 3p subtelomeric probe suggested a duplication of 3p25.3p26.2, a finding supported by comparative genomic hybridization. This region of chromosome 3p contains genes which contribute to obesity and behavioral problems, most notably, ghrelin (GHRL), an oxytocin receptor (OXTR), solute carrier family 6 members (GABA neurotransmitter transporters, SLC6A1 and SLC6A11) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, gamma (PPARG). To characterize these obesity and behavior related genes in our subject, we performed quantitative RT-PCR and compared expression levels with similarly aged male subjects (four nonobese males, four obese males and four PWS males -two with 15q11-q13 deletions and two with maternal disomy 15). Our studies suggest increased expression of several genes in the 3p duplication region, including GHRL and PPARG, which may contribute to the phenotypic features in our 3p duplication subject.

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“…These factors are gene variations that affect the balance between energy intake and expenditure. Gut hormones and their receptors are considered to play an important role in the control of feeding behavior (reviewed in Small and Bloom 4 and Wynne et al 5 ). The gut hormone peptide-YY (PYY), 6 which belongs to the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) family together with neuropeptide Y (NPY) and PP, has been reported to reduce food intake in both rodents and humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common neuropeptide Y2 receptor gene variant is protective against obesity among Swedish men

et al. 2005

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Background: Gut hormones and their receptors are considered important in the control of feeding behavior. The gut hormone peptide-YY (PYY) has anorexic effects via the inhibitory neuropeptide Y2 receptor (Y2R) highly expressed in orexigenic NPY/ AGRP neurons within the arcuate nucleus, a major integrator of appetite control in the hypothalamus. Design: Genetic case-control association study of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Y2R and PYY. Subjects: Swedish Caucasians comprising 148 lean, 129 overweight/obese and 226 morbidly obese men. Measurements: Genotypes of the common, silent and conserved SNP Y2R 585T4C and the common SNP PYY Arg72Thr, as well as various obesity-related clinical parameters. Results: Obese men had a lower allele and homozygosity frequency of the common allele 585T4C:T which was particularly evident comparing morbidly obese with lean men (P ¼ 0.002), and analyzing dependence between continuous body mass index (BMI) and genotype (P ¼ 0.002). In agreement, systolic blood pressure tended to be lower in those homozygous for allele T, which was not explained by the BMI -genotype dependence. We found no association to obesity for the PYY Arg72Thr polymorphism, which is located nearby the essential carboxy terminal. Conclusion: A common and conserved variant of the PYY and NPY receptor Y2R is less prevalent among obese compared to among lean Swedish men. This suggests that the common Y2R variant is protective against obesity. Our findings further implicate Y2R in food intake regulation.

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Gut hormones and the control of appetite

Cited by 122 publications

References 0 publications

Pancreatic polypeptide in obese children before and after weight loss

Pancreatic polypeptide in obese children before and after weight loss

A 9‐year‐old male with a duplication of chromosome 3p25.3p26.2: Clinical report and gene expression analysis

Common neuropeptide Y2 receptor gene variant is protective against obesity among Swedish men

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