Gut Brain Axis and Its Microbiota Regulation in Mammals and Birds

Abstract

This article provides a brief overview of the advances made in microbiota research in parrots and pet birds. It describes this complex ecosystem and the contribution of the intestinal microbiota to host health and disease, including the nervous system.

A Glance at Neurofitness in Nutrition Perspective

“…About 200 to 600 million neurons are present in enteric nervous system which relates to gut. Vagus nerve a parasympathetic nerve a division of the autonomic nervous system has a important role in the bidireational pathway of GI tract and CNS [26,28] The gut of human act as a endocrine organ as well produce microbial and neurometabolites, like short chain fatty acids nerurotransmitters like serotonin and GABA which may influence the human behavior, vitamins which bring out the brain and gut connecetion [29,30]. Short chain fatty acids like butyrate and propionate involve infuntioning of brain in terms of appetite and hemostasis by regulating the neuropepetide production [31].…”

“…Increased permeability leads to large amount of lipopolysaccharides in the blood which may cause inflammation. Diet and obesity increase the chance of inflammation prebiotics supplementation play a fine role in effecting inflammation [30]. This chronic inflammation directly or indirectly linked with neurological disorders like dementia, depression, etc.…”

The Intestinal Mycobiota of Nero Siciliano Pig

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The pig intestinal microbiota represents one of the most important, complex and dynamic microbial community in nature. It has been estimated that the mammalian microbiota contains more than 100 trillion of microbial cells that are involved in numerous physiological processes of the host such as the development of the gastrointestinal system, uptake of feeding, release of active metabolites, stimulation and modulation of the immunity system and communication with central nervous system [1,2]. Although bacterial microbiota represents more than 99% of the intestinal microorganisms, in the last few years mycobiota emerged as fundamental minority portion playing a crucial role in host defense against pathogens and immune homeostasis [3].

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“…Este consórcio de microrganismos é composto por uma abundância de archeas, bactérias, fungos, protozoários e vírus (TURNBAUGH et al, 2007;SHREINER;KAO;YOUNG, 2015). Em situações cuja finalidade é referir-se a um grupo de microrganismos presentes em um determinado habitat ou sistema, utiliza-se o termo microbiota (SUCHODOLSKI, 2017). Já o termo microbioma refere-se ao ecossistema geral, que incorpora fatores bióticos e abióticos, tais quais o hospedeiro, as condições ambientais e todo o genoma microbiano (WHITESIDE et al, 2015).…”