Growth patterns in early childhood and cardiovascular structure and function at 4 years old: A prospective cohort study

Wang, Jian; Wu, Yujian; Du, Bowen; Li, Zhuoyan; Ye, Yujiao; Wang, Hualin; Niu, Yiwei; Chen, Qian; Zhang, Jun; Sun, Chen; Wu, Yu; Zhang, Xi; Lu, Yao; Kim, Sun

doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2021.08.028

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Early stress response stimulates elevation of BP raising hormones that finally contribute to a greater SBP [ 43 ]. Furthermore, higher BP in preterm birth children has been proposed to be influenced by other intrauterine or postnatal factors, aside from their own BMI state, such as maternal disease, like hypertension or diabetes, and children’s early fast weight gain or catch-up growth pattern [ 45 ]. In this study, after adjusting for BMI, the risk of low GA with prehypertension was significant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association of gestational age and birthweight with blood pressure, cardiac structure, and function in 4 years old: a prospective birth cohort study

Wang

et al. 2023

BMC Med

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Background Current evidence relating birthweight and gestational age to cardiovascular risk is conflicting. Whether these factors have independent or interactive impacts on cardiovascular parameters during early childhood remains unclear. The goal of this study was to explore whether there were any independent and interactive effects of gestational age and birthweight on blood pressure, left ventricle (LV) structure, and function in 4 years old. Methods This study included 1194 children in the Shanghai Birth Cohort from 2013 to 2016. Information about the mothers and children was recorded at time of birth using a questionnaire. Follow-up measurements, including anthropometric, blood pressure, and echocardiography, were taken between 2018 and 2021, when the children were 4 years old. Multiple linear or logistic regressions and restricted cubic spline were used to explore the association of birthweight and gestational age with cardiovascular measurements. Results Gestational age had a significant negative correlation with both systolic blood pressure [β = − 0.41, 95% CI: (− 0.76, − 0.07)] and mean arterial pressure [β = − 0.36, 95%CI: (− 0.66, − 0.07)]. The risk of prehypertension decreased with increased gestational age [OR = 0.54, 95% CI: (0.32, 0.93)]. The relationship between birthweight with blood pressure was U-shape (P for non-linear < 0.001). The wall thickness, volume, mass, and cardiac output of LV increased with birthweight, though the ejection fraction [β = − 1.02, 95% CI: (− 1.76, − 0.27)] and shorten fraction [β = 0.72, 95% CI: (− 1.31, − 0.14)] decreased with birthweight. The risk of LV hypertrophy was not associated with birthweight [OR = 1.59, 95% CI: (0.68, 3.73)]. Conclusions In this study, we found different associations of birthweight and gestational age with cardiovascular measurements in the offspring at 4 years old. Gestational age influenced blood pressure independent of birthweight. Heart size and function at 4 years old was influenced mostly by birthweight and not by gestational age.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association of gestational age and birthweight with blood pressure, cardiac structure, and function in 4 years old: a prospective birth cohort study

Wang

et al. 2023

BMC Med

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“…Most commonly, three or four latent classes are identified within zBMI or BMI, however these studies often focus on growth from the age of four onwards (28)(29)(30)(31). Wang et al, found dynamic BMI growth patterns (such as BMI catch-up and stable overweight) were more predictive, and thus more informative, than static BMI measurements of cardiovascular structure and function in early childhood (32). Rapid weight gain in early childhood (or catch-up growth) has been associated with an increased risk of overweight, obesity and other chronic diseases during later childhood and adulthood (33)(34)(35)(36).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, due to the study design, observations were acquired more frequently during the first year with observations every six-month interval from one year. However, the first year of life has the most accelerated growth and is the most critical period for development (49), with growth patterns setting a developmental trajectory for life (32,50). This may have impacted the shapes of growth curves identified as there was more information to describe these curves during the first year.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latent Classes of Anthropometric Growth in Early Childhood Using Uni- and Multivariate approaches in a South African Birth Cohort

van Biljon,

Lake,

Goddard

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Conventional methods for modelling longitudinal growth data focus on the analysis of mean longitudinal trends or the identification of abnormal growth based on cross-sectional standardized z-scores. Latent Class Mixed Modelling (LCMM) considers the underlying heterogeneity in growth profiles and allows for the identification of groups of subjects that follow similar longitudinal trends. Methods: LCMM was used to identify underlying latent profiles of growth for univariate responses of standardized height, standardized weight, standardized body mass index and standardized weight-for-length/height measurements and multivariate response of joint standardized height and standardized weight measurements from birth to five years for a sample of 1143 children from a South African birth cohort, the Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS). Allocations across latent growth classes were compared to better understand the differences and similarities across the classes identified given different composite measures of height and weight as input. Results: Four classes of growth within standardized height (n1=516, n2=112, n3=187, n4=321) and standardized weight (n1=263, n2=150, n3=584, n4=142), three latent growth classes within Body Mass Index (BMI) (n1=481, n2=485, n3=149) and Weight for length/height (WFH) (n1=321, n2=710, n3=84) and five latent growth classes within the multivariate response of standardized height and standardized weight (n1=318, n2=205, n3=75, n4=296, n5=242) were identified, each with distinct trajectories over childhood. A strong association was found between various growth classes and abnormal growth features such as rapid weight gain, stunting, underweight and overweight. Conclusions: With the identification of these classes, a better understanding of distinct childhood growth trajectories and their predictors may be gained, informing interventions to promote optimal childhood growth.

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“…The vascular ultrasound of the right and left common carotid artery was performed using the same high‐resolution EPIQ 7C ultrasound following the protocol mentioned before 18 . Carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT) was determined as the distance between the lumen‐intima interface and the media‐adventitia interface.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus with alterations in cardiovascular system in early childhood

et al. 2022

Diabetes Metabolism Res

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Aims:The association of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with childhood cardiovascular alterations is not well established. This study aims to test the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to GDM is associated with vascular and cardiac alterations in early childhood. Methods:In a population-based prospective cohort among 1094 mothers and their offspring, GDM was diagnosed according to the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. Childhood blood pressure (BP) measurement, echocardiography and vascular ultrasound were performed using standardised methods at 4 years old. The associations between maternal GDM and childhood cardiovascular outcomes were modelled using linear regression and binary logistic regression. Mediation analysis was conducted to test the potential mediators.

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Growth patterns in early childhood and cardiovascular structure and function at 4 years old: A prospective cohort study

Cited by 9 publications

References 42 publications

The association of gestational age and birthweight with blood pressure, cardiac structure, and function in 4 years old: a prospective birth cohort study

The association of gestational age and birthweight with blood pressure, cardiac structure, and function in 4 years old: a prospective birth cohort study

Latent Classes of Anthropometric Growth in Early Childhood Using Uni- and Multivariate approaches in a South African Birth Cohort

Associations of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus with alterations in cardiovascular system in early childhood

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