Growth patterns and overbite depth indicators of long and short faces in Korean adolescents: Revisited through mixed‐effects analysis

Abstract

Structured Abstract Objective The purpose was to evaluate skeletal factors related to the growth of subjects with skeletal open and deep bites based on lateral cephalographs from 9 years of pure longitudinal data using mixed effect analysis. Setting and Sample Population Fifty‐one children with extreme lower anterior facial height to total anterior facial height (LAFH/TAFH) ratio values at the age of 14 were assigned to either skeletal open bite or skeletal deep bite groups from a total of 223 subjects. Material & Methods The palatal plane angle (PPA), mandibular plane angle (MPA), gonial angle (GA), palatomandibular plane angle (PMA), upper gonial angle (UGA), lower gonial angle (LGA), occlusal plane angle (OPA) and overbite depth indicator (ODI) were measured and analysed. Mixed‐effects regression model analysis was used for the interpretation of data with random effects. Results Morphological differences were evident from the beginning and became more pronounced with age in MPA, GA, PMA, ODI and LGA. The initial values of all variables were statistically significant. Annual increases with age were statistically significant in GA, OPA, ODI and UGA. The morphological differences in the annual increases in MPA, GA, PMA and UGA were also statistically significant. Conclusions Morphologically different growth patterns were mainly contributed by lower anterior facial height dimensions. The extent of individual variations mandates judicious decision‐making in clinical situations.

Geometric morphometric analysis of growth patterns among facial types

“…Differences in both posterior and anterior facial heights among facial types, manifest in part by coordinated maxillomandibular orientation, are supported by previous work. 17 , 22 Our results contrast with Nanda 2 and others 4 , 41 , 43 who have argued that these morphologic differences are associated primarily with differential growth in the vertical anterior dimensions of the face with little difference in posterior facial height among classifications.…”

“…6 This analysis indicates that some differences in average morphology among the 3 facial types are established by 6 years of age, as previously noted. 6,19 Nevertheless, here we show that each type follows a unique average growth trajectory until adulthood, indicating different adolescent growth patterns, 2,4,17,41 with hypodivergent and normodivergent growth patterns more similar to each other than either is to the hyperdivergent growth pattern (Fig 2). These findings suggest the need for a nuanced interpretation of growth when attempting to estimate future face shape that accounts not only for early established differences in morphology but also the distinct growth trajectories among facial types that will further contribute to differences in face shape at later ages.…”

“…This approach allows for maximum morphologic distinction among facial types and assessment of how the adult facial morphology was achieved during growth and development. Other studies have classified participants during the adolescent growth spurt, 2,4,17,18,41 or during childhood. 6 This analysis indicates that some differences in average morphology among the 3 facial types are established by 6 years of age, as previously noted.…”

“…This approach allows for maximum morphologic distinction among facial types and assessment of how the adult facial morphology was achieved during growth and development. Other studies have classified participants during the adolescent growth spurt, 2 , 4 , 17 , 18 , 41 or during childhood. 6 …”

Overbite depth indicator and anteroposterior dysplasia indicator cephalometric norms for African Americans

“…11,12 The ODI and APDI cephalometric variables have assisted orthodontists in proper diagnosis and treatment planning; however, mean ODI and APDI values have been assessed only in whites 7,8 and Asians. 13,14 To date, there are no published data regarding the mean ODI and APDI values in African Americans.…”