Growth and cadmium and nickel uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) in a cadmium and nickel co‑contaminated soil and phytoremediation efficiency using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid

Abstract

Background: Anthropogenic activities release cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and other heavy metals into soil. Zea mays can clean up contaminated soils, but little is known about how Cd and Ni co-contamination stress affects ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-based phytoextraction and phytoremediation, hence this study was conducted. Methods: The experiment involved nine treatment levels (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg kg-1 Cd and 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg kg-1 Ni), grouped into three categories: CT as the control group, P as Cd + Ni only, and CAP as Cd + Ni + EDTA (n=3). The treatments used (CH3COO)2Cd•2H2O and NiSO4 as the source of Cd and Ni, respectively, and EDTA was applied at two rates (0 and 0.5 g/kg). After the experimental period, measurements were taken for shoot length, biomass, and metal concentrations in both the roots and shoots using established procedures. Results: The concentrations of metals in plants' roots and shoots increased as the concentrations in soil increased, but shoot length, biomass, bioconcentration factor (BCF), and translocation factor (TF) values decreased with increasing soil metal content. The application of EDTA increased metal uptake but led to greater root and shoot biomass loss. Generally, TF values for Cd and Ni were less than 1 but most of the BCF values were greater than 1. Conclusions: The study found that phytostabilization is the main mechanism for phytoremediation of Cd-Ni-co-contaminated soils with Zea mays, with EDTA addition enhancing metal accumulation and reducing biomass yield.