Gross Motor Development in Jamaican Infants

Grantham‐McGregor, Sally; Back, E. H.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1971.tb03034.x

Cited by 23 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Our results are consistent with reports of differences across ethnic groups in infant motor development from the US, Africa, and the Caribbean (Scott et al 1955, Geber and Dean 1957, Grantham-McGregor and Back 1971, Werner 1972, Frankenburg et al 1975, Super 1976). However, ethnic differences in infant development in the UK and explanations for such differences have been little investigated.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Ethnic differences in achievement of developmental milestones by 9 months of age: the Millennium Cohort Study

Kelly¹,

Sacker²,

Schoon³

et al. 2006

Dev Med Child Neurol

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This paper examines ethnic differences in the attainment of developmental milestones during infancy and possible explanations for observed differences are investigated. Data from the first survey of the Millennium Cohort Study (n = 15,994; 8212 males, 7782 females; mean age 9.2 mo [SD 0.5]) were examined. We found that Black Caribbean (odds ratio [OR] = 0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.11-0.48), Black African (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.18-0.55), and Indian (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33-0.93) infants were less likely to show delay in the attainment of gross motor milestones compared with White infants after adjustment for a range of explanatory variables. Pakistani and Bangladeshi infants were more likely to have delays in fine motor development (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.21-2.35 and OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.17-4.02 respectively) and communicative gestures (OR 4.19, 95% CI 1.47-11.94 and OR 7.64, 95% CI 3.96-14.76 respectively), but these differences were explained by socioeconomic factors and markers of cultural tradition. In conclusion, unexplained ethnic differences were seen in the attainment of gross motor milestones, with Indian, Black Caribbean, and Black African children less likely to be delayed (in adjusted models). Increased likelihood of fine motor and communicative gesture delays among Pakistani and Bangladeshi infants, that disappear when socioeconomic factors are taken into account, point to the need to address deprivation among these groups to reduce the likelihood of developmental delay and possible longer term behavioural and cognitive problems and consequent opportunities throughout life.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Ethnic differences in achievement of developmental milestones by 9 months of age: the Millennium Cohort Study

Kelly¹,

Sacker²,

Schoon³

et al. 2006

Dev Med Child Neurol

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show abstract

“…This contradicts an earlier report (Williams and Scott 1953) but the results are not comparable because motor development was defined at a single point (which occurred between four and 20 months) and data were only collected for one race. Others (Hindley et al 1966, Grantham-McGregor andBack 1971) were unable to demonstrate significant SES influences upon the gross motor development of a single race.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Normal Gross Motor Development: The Influences of Race, Sex and Socio‐economic Status

Capute

Shapiro

Palmer

et al. 1985

Develop Med Child Neuro

120

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SUMMARY The ages at attainment of 12 gross motor milestones were obtained prospectively during well‐baby visits in the first two years of life for 381 children. All had been born at term and were judged to be normal at one year. A longitudinal analysis, using an index summarising each chilďs progress for eight selected milestones, is reported for the 284 children for whom data were complete. A high percentage of parents were able to report the age at attaining milestones with an acceptable degree of variability. The children attained milestones at earlier ages than traditionally reported. There were only minor sex differences in age at attainment, but black children attained milestones earlier than white children. RÉSUMÉ Développement moteur fondamental normal: influence de la race, du sexe et de la classe socio‐économique Les ǎges oil sont atteints 12 réperes moteurs fondamentaux ont été obtenus prospectivement durant des visites de contrôle de bonne santé dans les deux premières années de la vie, chez 381 enfants. Tous étaient nés a terme et jugés normaux à I'ǎge ďun an. Une analyse longitudinale utilisant un index résumant les progrés de chaque enfant pour huit repéres séléctionnés est rapportée pour les 284 enfants, pour lesquels les données étaient complétes. Un pourcentage éléve de parents ont pu indiquer L'ǎge auquel les repèrés étaient atteints avec un degré acceptable de précision. Les enfants atteignaient les etapés à des ages plus précoces qu'il n'est traditionnellement rapporté. II n'a été rapporte que des différences minimes ďǎge de réussite selon le sexe mais les enfants noirs atteignaient les repéres plus tôt que les enfants blancs. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Normale allgemein‐molorische Entwicklung: Beeinflussung durch Rasse, Geschlecht und gesellschafllichen Stand Bei 381 Kindern wurde prospektiv bei Kontrolluntersuchungen in den ersten zwei Lebensjahren bestimmt, in welchem Alter die 12 Meilensteine der motorischen Entwicklung erreicht wurden. Alle Kinder wurden zum Termin geboren und im Alter von einem Jahr füesund befunden. Für 284 Kinder, deren Daten vollstandig waren, wird eine Longituinalanalyse gegeben, bei der ein Index verwendet wurde, der den Fortschritt eines jeden Kindes für acht ausgewählte Meilensteine zusammenfaßte. Die meisten Eltern konnten das Alter, mit dem die Meilensteine erreicht wurden, mit nur geringen Abweichungen angeben. Die Kinder erreichten die Meilensteine früher als bisher beschrieben. Es fanden sich nur unwestetliche Geschlechtsunterschiede, aber die schwarzen Kinder erreichten die Meilensteine eher als die weißen. RESUMEN Desarrollo motor grosero normal: influencia de la raza, sexo y nivel socio‐económico Se obtuvieron prospectivamente 12 hitos de consecución de la motilidad no fina en el curso de visitas de puericultura realizadas en 381 niños en los primeros dos años de vida. Todos eran recién nacidos a término eran considerados normales al año de edad. Se muestra un estudio longitudinal, haciendo uso de un indice que resumía los progresos d...

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“…Ethnic differences in infant motor development have been reported over the last half century. Advanced motor development among some ethnic groups, such as those from Africa and the Caribbean (Scott et al 1955, Geber and Dean 1957, Grantham-McGregor and Back 1971, Werner 1972, Frankenburg et al 1975, Super 1976, some parts of Central America, such as Mexico and Guatemala, and Asia, such as India and Thailand, and delayed development for Japanese children, have been reported (Werner 1972, Lansdown et al 1996. Explanations for observed differences have ranged from those based on the existence of innate racial differences with a biological or genetic basis to those that include the influences of parental expectations and child-rearing practices (Werner 1972, Freedman and DeBoer 1979, Miller 1988, Patcher and Dworkin 1997, Kolobe 2004, Huang et al 2005.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnic differences in achievement of developmental milestones by 9 months of age: the Millennium Cohort Study

Kelly

Sacker

Schoon

et al. 2006

Develop Med Child Neuro

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper examines ethnic differences in the attainment of developmental milestones during infancy and possible explanations for observed differences are investigated. Data from the first survey of the Millennium Cohort Study (n=15 994; 8212 males, 7782 females; mean age 9.2mo [SD 0.5]) were examined. We found that Black Caribbean (odds ratio [OR]=0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.11-0.48), Black African (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.18-0.55), and Indian (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33-0.93) infants were less likely to show delay in the attainment of gross motor milestones compared with White infants after adjustment for a range of explanatory variables. Pakistani and Bangladeshi infants were more likely to have delays in fine motor development (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.21-2.35 and OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.17-4.02 respectively) and communicative gestures (OR 4.19, 95% CI 1.47-11.94 and OR 7.64, 95% CI 3.96-14.76 respectively), but these differences were explained by socioeconomic factors and markers of cultural tradition. In conclusion, unexplained ethnic differences were seen in the attainment of gross motor milestones, with Indian, Black Caribbean, and Black African children less likely to be delayed (in adjusted models). Increased likelihood of fine motor and communicative gesture delays among Pakistani and Bangladeshi infants, that disappear when socioeconomic factors are taken into account, point to the need to address deprivation among these groups to reduce the likelihood of developmental delay and possible longer term behavioural and cognitive problems and consequent opportunities throughout life.

show abstract

Gross Motor Development in Jamaican Infants

Cited by 23 publications

References 12 publications

Ethnic differences in achievement of developmental milestones by 9 months of age: the Millennium Cohort Study

Ethnic differences in achievement of developmental milestones by 9 months of age: the Millennium Cohort Study

Normal Gross Motor Development: The Influences of Race, Sex and Socio‐economic Status

Ethnic differences in achievement of developmental milestones by 9 months of age: the Millennium Cohort Study

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