Green synthesis and characterizations of Nickel oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Rhamnus virgata and their potential biological applications

Abstract

In the present report, Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) were synthesized using Rhamnus virgata (Roxb.) (Family: Rhamnaceae) as a potential stabilizing, reducing and chelating agent. The formation, morphology, structure and other physicochemical properties of resulting NiONPs were characterized by Ultra violet spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared analysis (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersivespectroscopy (EDS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Detailed in vitro biological activities revealed significant therapeutic potential for NiONPs. The antimicrobial efficacy of biogenic NiONPs was demonstrated against five different gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC: 125 μg/mL) were found to be the least susceptible and Bacillus subtilis (MIC: 31.25 μg/mL) was found to be the most susceptible strain to NiONPs. Biogenic NiONPs were reported to be highly potent against HepG2 cells (IC 50 : 29.68 μg/ml). Moderate antileishmanial activity against Leishmania tropica (KMH 23 ) promastigotes (IC 50 : 10.62 μg/ml) and amastigotes (IC 50 : 27.58 μg/ml) cultures are reported. The cytotoxic activity was studied using brine shrimps and their IC 50 value was recorded as 43.73 μg/ml. For toxicological assessment, NiONPs were found compatible towards human RBCs (IC 50 : > 200 μg/ml) and macrophages (IC 50 : > 200 μg/ml), deeming particles safe for various applications in nanomedicines. Moderate antioxidant activities: total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (51.43%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity (70.36%) and total reducing power (TRP) (45%) are reported for NiONPs. In addition, protein kinase and alpha amylase inhibition assays were also performed. Our results concluded that Rhamnus virgata synthesized NiONPs could find important biomedical applications with low cytotoxicity to normal cells.

Green synthesis and antifungal mechanism of silver nanoparticles derived from chitin‐ induced exometabolites of Trichoderma interfusant

“…The green nanoformulation comprised of nanoparticles derived from natural secondary metabolites. These metabolites functions as a strong reducing agent for the formation of green nanoparticles and it reduced cost and chemical utilization. In addition, green nanoformulations showed several fold higher antifungal activity at minimum inhibitory concentration of nanosilver to diminish phytopathgen.…”

“…Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field and played an effective role in the different areas of medical sciences, energy, cosmetics and agriculture . Nanotechnology explained antimicrobial properties at atomic and molecular level to minimize cytotoxic effect of cell.…”

“…, chemical, physical, physico‐chemical which are facing a lots of challenges towards uses of toxic solvents, reducing agents, expensive metal salts, reductants and costly instruments and hence, notably gained the attention of researcher to search simple, eco‐friendly and non‐hazardous alternative method. In this context, green nano‐chemistry was gained extraordinary attention for replacing chemical products, developing methods for green synthesis to eliminate substances that are hazardous to environment and human health . Silver in different chemical forms as well as green nano form has high toxicity and its nanoparticles have gained more attention due to their strong antimicrobial effects .…”

Preparation of monodispersed and cytotoxic silver nanoparticles using Launaea taraxacifolia leaf extract

“…Additionally, in plant-mediated synthesis, the phytochemicals inherent in the plants, after playing a reducing role, also act as capping agents towards forming the nanoparticles. Based on this, the AgNPs obtained from this technique are safe for human medical use [12,13].…”

“…The plant extract alternative pathway for synthesizing AgNPs, apart from its eco-friendliness, has the advantages of being facile and cost effective [11,12]. Additionally, in plant-mediated synthesis, the phytochemicals inherent in the plants, after playing a reducing role, also act as capping agents towards forming the nanoparticles.…”