Green Method Synthesised Graphene-Silver Electrochemical Nanobiosensors for Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide

Abstract

A novel nanobiosensor was constructed with graphene oxide (GO) sheets coupled to pear extract-based green-synthesised silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) to which cytochrome P450-2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme was attached. The biosensor was applied in the electrochemical detection of the tuberculosis (TB) treatment drugs, ethambutol (EMB) and pyrazinamide (PZA). The surface morphology of the green-synthesised nanocomposites was studied by performing High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) and High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HR-SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy were used for structural analysis, while Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy was used in the optical characterisation of the nanocomposite material. Electrochemical studies on glassy carbon electrode (GCE), which were done by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), showed that the GO|Ag-NPs||GCE electrode was highly conductive, and thereby indicating its suitability as a platform for nanobiosensor development. The non-toxic and low-cost green GO|Ag-NPs|CYP2D6||GCE nanobiosensor was used to determine EMB and PZA. The very low limit of detection (LOD) values of the biosensor for EMB (0.2962 × 10−2 nM, S/N = 3) and PZA (0.897 × 10−2 nM, S/N = 3) demonstrate that the green nanobiosensor is more sensitive than other biosensors reported for EMB and PZA.

A voltammetric sensor based on a reduced graphene oxide/β-cyclodextrin/silver nanoparticle/polyoxometalate nanocomposite for detecting uric acid and tyrosine

“…10,11 Among various carbon materials, graphene is the most commonly used carbon nanomaterial in scientic elds owing to its large surface area, strong mechanical properties, thermal stability, and excellent conductivity. [12][13][14][15] These unique properties have made it a hot candidate material in electroanalysis applications. 16,17 In particular, graphene modied with cyclodextrin is attractive due to the synergistic effect where cyclodextrin provides supramolecular recognition properties and graphene supplies high electrical performance.…”

Novel Cytochrome P450-3A4 Enzymatic Nanobiosensor for Lapatinib (a Breast Cancer Drug) Developed on a Poly(anilino-co-4-aminobenzoic Acid-Green-Synthesised Indium Nanoparticle) Platform

“…Likewise, there are a variety of approaches that can be used to create these nanoparticles. Amongst them, the use of a green-synthesis approach has received widespread acceptance for its energy efficiency, low cost, and minimal environmental contamination from byproducts [ 22 ]. This method does not require any stabilizers and makes use of various organic non-toxic materials.…”

Potential Environmental and Health Implications from the Scaled-Up Production and Disposal of Nanomaterials Used in Biosensors

“…Studies, where smaller-sized nanomaterials induced higher toxicity, are labeled ↓ size = ↑ toxicity while studies, where larger-sized materials induce higher toxicity, are labeled ↑ size = ↑ toxicity. References [ 37 , 182 , 185 , 282 , 283 , 284 , 285 , 286 , 287 , 288 , 289 , 290 , 291 , 292 , 293 , 294 , 295 , 296 , 297 , 298 , 299 , 300 , 301 , 302 , 303 , 304 , 305 , 306 , 307 , 308 , 309 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 , 314 , 315 , 316 , 317 , 318 , 319 , 320 , 321 , 322 , 323 , 324 , 325 , 326 , 327 , ...…”