Green and facile electrode modification by spark discharge: Bismuth oxide-screen printed electrodes for the screening of ultra-trace Cd(II) and Pb(II)

Recent Advances in the Fabrication and Application of Screen-Printed Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Based on Carbon Materials for Biomedical, Agri-Food and Environmental Analyses

“…Kadara et al [52] propose this to be the result of a catalytic mechanism whereby the reduced form of riboflavin is reoxidised by the dissolved oxygen species. Another riboflavin sensor which also performed well in the presence of oxygen was developed by Riman et al [53]; this sparked-bismuth SPCE was initially designed and applied to the voltammetric stripping analysis of Cd(II) and Pb(II) [54]. The SPCE was modified by a simple fabrication process involves a sparking procedure between the graphite SPCE and a bismuth wire [49].…”

“…The SPCE was modified by a simple fabrication process involves a sparking procedure between the graphite SPCE and a bismuth wire [49]. This electrode exhibited superior analytical characteristics when applied to the analysis of riboflavin (Table 6), achieving a detection limit in the sub-nanomolar range using SWV [54]. …”

A comparison of electrochemically pre-treated and spark-platinized carbon fiber microelectrode. Measurement of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine in human urine and plasma

“…The effect of the aforementioned modifications on the CFME tip shapes and surface morphologies is shown in Fig. 1: [23]. Therefore, it is expected that the (+) polarity sparking leads to modification of CFME with platinum.…”

“…Recently, we discovered that spark discharge is an efficient method of electrode modification [23]. In this work, we studied the following carbon fibers: as-received carbon fiber, carbon electrode activated by the electrochemical pretreatment, (-) polarity and (+) polarity sparked carbon fiber.…”

Potentiostatic Electrochemical Preparation of Bismuth Nanoribbons and its Application in Biologically Poisoning Lead and Cadmium Heavy Metal Ions Detection

“…Several analytical techniques, such as atomic absorption spectrometry, electroanalytical and inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry have been developed for the detection of heavy metal ions. Among other methods, electroanalytical methods are preferable for the detection of heavy metal ions attributed to their simplicity, portability and point‐of‐care applications 2.…”