Greater risk of severe COVID-19 in non-White ethnicities is not explained by cardiometabolic, socioeconomic, or behavioural factors, or by 25(OH)-vitamin D status: study of 1,326 cases from the UK Biobank

Raisi‐Estabragh, Zahra; McCracken, Celeste; Ms, Bethell; Cooper, Cyrus; Mj, Caulfield; Munroe, Patricia B.; Harvey, N C; Petersen, Steffen E.

doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.20118943

Cited by 18 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, the Norwegians in the cited study had far higher vitamin D levels than the UK Biobank participants at their initial evaluation, a subset increased their 25(OH)D levels significantly (p < 0.001) by initiating supplements, and, as in the study by Meng et al, vitamin D levels did increase significantly for the group as a whole over time (p < 0.01) (81). The authors of the most recent article using the UK BioBank study data did not address the issue of the use of potentially no longer accurate 25(OH)D levels in their preprint, but added a reference to the same Norwegian study as Darling et al, in their published article (77).…”

Section: Irish Medical Journal Debate On Vitamin D Supplements Duringmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…The Irish Medical Journal hosted a six-article formal debate on the topic in response to three published reports, including one by the researchers managing Ireland's part of the 26-country longitudinal study on aging (TILDA), in their May 2020 issue (72)(73)(74)(75). All three reports strongly recommended vitamin D supplements to help protect all adults in Ireland from COVID-19 while they are "cocooning" (not going outdoors) (72,73) Three research teams relied on the 2006-2010 UK Biobank data for the vitamin D levels included in their analyses of the relationship between COVID-19 incidence and vitamin D status (13,76,77). Roy et al, challenged the assertion that vitamin D levels are stable over time (important since levels were assessed 10-14 years prior to the pandemic) noting that the cited study only included women and followed up for only 5 years (13,78,79).…”

Section: Irish Medical Journal Debate On Vitamin D Supplements Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the time frame of these three studies, COVID-19 testing in the UK was extremely limited (Raisi-Estrabragh et al, stated that most were tested only if hospitalized) (77,79). Such limited testing, Roy asserted, raises the possibility that the authors of the first UK Biobank study accidentally included COVID-19 positive patients who were only moderately ill in their negative group (13,79).…”

Section: Irish Medical Journal Debate On Vitamin D Supplements Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Basic Review of the Preliminary Evidence That COVID-19 Risk and Severity Is Increased in Vitamin D Deficiency

Benskin

2020

Front. Public Health

133

137

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As the world's attention has been riveted upon the growing COVID-19 pandemic, many researchers have written brief reports supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency is related to the incidence and severity of COVID-19. The clear common thread among the top risk groups-vitamin D deficiency-may be being overlooked because of previous overstated claims of vitamin D benefits. However, the need to decrease COVID-19 fatalities among high-risk populations is urgent. Early researchers reported three striking patterns. Firstly, the innate immune system is impaired by vitamin D deficiency, which would predispose sufferers to viral infections such as COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency also increases the activity of the X-chromosome-linked "Renin-Angiotensin" System, making vitamin D deficient individuals (especially men) more susceptible to COVID-19's deadly "cytokine storm" (dramatic immune system overreaction). Secondly, the groups who are at highest risk for severe COVID-19 match those who are at highest risk for severe vitamin D deficiency. This includes the elderly, men, ethnic groups whose skin is naturally rich in melanin (if living outside the tropics), those who avoid sun exposure for cultural and health reasons, those who live in institutions, the obese, and/or those who suffer with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes. And thirdly, the pattern of geographical spread of COVID-19 reflects higher population vitamin D deficiency. Both within the USA and throughout the world, COVID-19 fatality rates parallel vitamin D deficiency rates. A literature search was performed on PubMed, Google Scholar, and RSMLDS, with targeted Google searches providing additional sources. Although randomized controlled trial results may be available eventually, the correlational and causal study evidence supporting a link between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 risks is already so strong that it supports action. The 141 author groups writing primarily about biological plausibility detailed how vitamin D deficiency can explain every risk factor and every complication of COVID-19, but agreed that other factors are undoubtedly at work. COVID-19 was compared with dengue fever, for which oral vitamin D supplements of 4,000 IU for 10 days were significantly more effective than 1,000 IU in reducing virus replication and controlling the "cytokine storm" (dramatic immune system over-reaction) responsible for fatalities. Among the 47 original research studies summarized here, chart reviews found that serum vitamin D levels predicted COVID-19 mortality Benskin Evidence Linking Vitamin D, COVID-19 rates (16 studies) and linearly predicted COVID-19 illness severity (8 studies). Two causal modeling studies and several analyses of variance strongly supported the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency is a causal, rather than a bystander, factor in COVID-19 outcomes. Three of the four studies whose findings opposed the hypothesis relied upon disproven assumptions. The literature review also found that prophylactically correcting possible ...

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Section: Irish Medical Journal Debate On Vitamin D Supplements Duringmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Irish Medical Journal Debate On Vitamin D Supplements Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Irish Medical Journal Debate On Vitamin D Supplements Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Basic Review of the Preliminary Evidence That COVID-19 Risk and Severity Is Increased in Vitamin D Deficiency

Benskin

2020

Front. Public Health

133

137

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Such that the compounding of risk factors in most deprived communities may result in the negative aftermath of the pandemic also being borne by those with the least resources to manage [20]. But this does not explain all the vulnerability [31], and it is worrying to note that an early review of deaths in health-care workers in the UK found 94% of the deaths in doctors were male and that 94% of the deaths in medical staff were nonwhite ethnicity [32].…”

Section: Men's Risk Of Sars-cov2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Men and COVID-19: the aftermath

White

2020

Postgraduate Medicine

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The global pandemic as a result of the SARS-CoV2 virus has seen over 16 m people infected and over 650,000 deaths, with men at double the risk of both developing the severe form of the disease and mortality. There are both biological (sex) and socio-cultural (gender) factors, compounded by socioeconomic factors and ethnicity, that impact on the aftermath of what has occurred over the short time that this novel coronavirus has been circulating the world. The potential lifelong morbidity as a result of the infection and as a consequence of highly invasive critical care treatment needs to be factored into the rehabilitation of survivors. There are also many men whose lives will have been severely affected both physically and emotionally by the pandemic without ever contracting the disease, with the widespread disruption to normal existence and its impact on their social world and the economy. The implications of the closure of many healthcare services over the initial lockdown will also have both a shorter-and longer-term impact on other diseases due to missed early diagnosis and disrupted treatment regimes. Getting effective public health messages out to the population is critical and this current pandemic is demonstrating that there needs to be a more focused view on men's health behavior. Without effective public support for preventative action, the more likely the disease will continue its path unabated. This review explores the wider ramifications of the disease both for those men who have survived the disease and those that have been affected by the wider social effects of the pandemic. The pandemic should be a wake-up call for all involved in the planning and delivery of health and social care for the greater attention to the central role of sex and gender.

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“…Ähnliche Ergebnisse liegen für das Infektionsrisiko mit akuten Atemwegserkrankungen auch aus anderen westlichen Ländern vor [21,22]. Gedrängte Wohnverhältnisse könnten also möglicherweise auch ein Risikofaktor für eine SARS-CoV-2-Infektion sein, wie erste Berichte aus den USA und Großbritannien vermuten lassen [23,24]. Wohnraum ist in vielen Ländern besonders in urbanen Regionen sozial ungleich verteilt, wie z.…”

Section: Soziale Ungleichheit Und Covid-19-risikofaktorenunclassified

Soziale Ungleichheit und COVID-19: Sozialepidemiologische Perspektiven auf die Pandemie

Wachtler

Hoebel

2020

Gesundheitswesen

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ZusammenfassungDie neue Coronavirus-Erkrankung (COVID-19) trifft bestimmte Bevölkerungsgruppen stärker als andere. Sozialepidemiologische Muster der Pandemie, die über Alters- und Geschlechterunterschiede hinausgehen, sind bislang jedoch kaum erforscht. Für Deutschland liegen bisher nur sehr wenige Befunde zu den sozialen Determinanten von COVID-19 vor. Erste Berichte aus anderen westlichen Industrieländern lassen erkennen, dass Menschen in sozioökonomisch deprivierten Regionen und People of Color ein erhöhtes Risiko haben, schwer an COVID-19 zu erkranken und daran zu versterben. Hierfür dürften soziale Ungleichheiten im Infektionsrisiko, die sich durch unterschiedliche Lebens- und Arbeitsbedingungen ergeben, wie auch soziale Ungleichheiten in der Suszeptibilität und den Risikofaktoren für schwere COVID-19-Krankheitsverläufe, insbesondere das Vorhandensein von Vorerkrankungen, eine wesentliche Rolle spielen. Diese sind auch für Deutschland umfassend dokumentiert. Somit kann angenommen werden, dass auch hierzulande Menschen mit einem niedrigen sozioökonomischen Status besonders stark betroffen sein könnten, was vermutlich erst im weiteren Verlauf der Pandemie mehr zutage treten wird. Auch die sozialen, ökonomischen und psychosozialen Folgen der Maßnahmen, die zur Eindämmung der Pandemie getroffen werden, könnten verschiedene sozioökonomische Gruppen ungleich stark treffen. Damit hat die COVID-19-Pandemie insgesamt das Potenzial, soziale und gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten zu verstärken. Es braucht sozialepidemiologische Untersuchungen des COVID-19-Geschehens, um Maßnahmen des Gesundheits- und Infektionsschutzes zielgruppengerecht, evidenzbasiert und unter Berücksichtigung gesundheitlicher Chancengerechtigkeit weiterentwickeln zu können.

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Greater risk of severe COVID-19 in non-White ethnicities is not explained by cardiometabolic, socioeconomic, or behavioural factors, or by 25(OH)-vitamin D status: study of 1,326 cases from the UK Biobank

Cited by 18 publications

References 18 publications

A Basic Review of the Preliminary Evidence That COVID-19 Risk and Severity Is Increased in Vitamin D Deficiency

A Basic Review of the Preliminary Evidence That COVID-19 Risk and Severity Is Increased in Vitamin D Deficiency

Men and COVID-19: the aftermath

Soziale Ungleichheit und COVID-19: Sozialepidemiologische Perspektiven auf die Pandemie

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