Graphene against Other Two‐Dimensional Materials: A Comparative Study on the Basis of Electronic Applications

Abstract

The evolution of the electronics industry since almost 75 years ago has depended on the novel materials and devices that continuously are introduced. In first decades of this century, 2D materials are impelling this development through materials such as

Electrical Properties of Two-Dimensional Materials Used in Gas Sensors

“…These materials have been applied mainly in photovoltaic devices, semiconductor devices, electrodes for supercapacitors, and in water purification. A more extensive description of the various applications of two-dimensional materials can be found in [6,8] in previous publications by the same author. Main applications of the two-dimensional materials in electronic industry are enumerated in Figure 1.…”

“…Graphene is a two-dimensional material consisting of carbon atoms in a hexagonal lattice [1,2,7,8,10,16,18,22,23,26,29,32,33,34,35,36,90,101,102,103,106]. Other two-dimensional materials with hexagonal crystalline lattice are germanene [37,38,39,40,41,42,43], silicene [1,2,22,29,45,46,47], stanene [2,48,49,50,51,104], aluminene [64], bismuthene, antimonene [29,65,66,67,68], hexagonal boron nitride ( h -BN) [83,84,85], gallium sulfide (GaS), gallium selenide (GaSe), hafnium disulfide (HfS 2 ) [82], hafnium diselenide (HfSe 2 ) [82], indium selenide (In 2 Se 3 ), molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) [32,75,76,77,78,79,101], molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe 2 ) [82], molybdenum diselenide (MoSe 2 ) [80,81], molybdenum sulfide selenide (MoSSe), molyb...…”

“…Since the isolation of graphene in 2004, numerous two-dimensional materials have been discovered, isolated, synthesized [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15], and/or developed using computational tools. Researchers around the world have shifted their research focus from the syntheses processes to the modification of two-dimensional materials to optimize their electronic properties in the design of emerging electronic devices such as solar cells, supercapacitors, field effect transistors (FETs), and gas sensors [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. Among the electronic properties that can be controlled is the structure of energy bands which can be achieved through: (1) alloying between two-dimensional materials to form two-dimensional ternary materials, (2) vertical stacking of two-dimensional materials that can produce 2D heterostructures [12,13,14], known as van der Waals solids, and (3) controlling the thickness of two-dimensional materials through their number of layers.…”

“…In the high-tech manufacture of electronic devices, the use of two-dimensional materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, hexagonal boron nitride ( h -BN), silicene, germanene, stanene, arsenene, aluminene, antimonene, bismuthine, molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), molybdenum diselenide (MoSe 2 ), MXenes, etc. [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15] These materials have attracted the attention of gas sensor designers due to their large surface-to-volume ratios and extremely sensitive surfaces [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,…”