Gram-negative superbugs: inappropriate antimicrobial therapy and mortality

Comparative in vitro killing of canine strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Escherichia coli by cefovecin, cefazolin, doxycycline and pradofloxacin

“…Eradication of bacteria has been linked to clinical cure: signs resolve when bacteria are eliminated whereas failure to eradicate bacteria leads to persistence or recurrence of disease after a period of an initial favourable clinical response. Clinical deterioration and death may occur in some patients with serious infections that are treated incorrectly or inadequately . Antimicrobial agents are used to treat infections with the aim to prevent morbidity and mortality, to alleviate symptoms and, in some instances, to prevent further spread.…”

“…Clinical deterioration and death may occur in some patients with serious infections that are treated incorrectly or inadequately. 3 Antimicrobial agents are used to treat infections with the aim to prevent morbidity and mortality, to alleviate symptoms and, in some instances, to prevent further spread.…”

War on terror cells: killing the host that harbours ‘superbugs’ is an infection control strategy in our fight against infectious diseases

“…[3][4][5] Antibiotic resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumonia, Clostridium difficile, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are some examples of the 'superbugs'. [3][4][5] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, superbugs infect at least two million people per year in the USA alone killing at least 23 000 people as a direct result of these infection. 6 Superbugs present a significant challenge to human health, especially for developing countries where antibiotic-resistant bacteria may go unnoticed as observed in the case of metallo-beta-lactamase-1 containing Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterium commonly known as New Delhi Metallo-1.…”

Diagnostic clinical microbiology

“…Clearly, therapeutic pathways and/or empiric therapy recommendations enable early treatment but antimicrobial resistance necessitates shorter TATs to confirm ongoing treatment or change therapy as appropriate, based on susceptibility results and clinical response. Antimicrobial‐resistant organisms are associated with therapeutic failure and impact morbidity and mortality (Blondeau, 2013). In human medicine, therapeutic guideline recommendations have existed for many years, and more recently, a number of guidelines for therapy of infections in companion animals have been published (Hillier et al, 2014; Lappin et al, 2017; Weese et al, 2011, 2019).…”

“…Currently, traditional susceptibility testing involves utilizing an inoculum of 10 5 CFU/ml with either manual methods (i.e., Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion, E ‐test, or agar dilution) or semi‐automated platforms as discussed (Table 1). Once inoculated, incubation and interpretation of results requires (in general), 18–24 h. In human patients that are severely or critically ill, a delay in susceptibility results may impact morbidity and mortality (Blondeau, 2013). As such, what is missing (Wilcox et al, 2019) is more “real time” susceptibility results that could be reportable in <6 h and impact timely patient care treatment decisions including stewardship programs and infection prevention and control and public health.…”