“…Street trees are an important component of urban greening, and they provide many positive bene ts to the urban environment and the wellbeing of residents (Mullaney et Lopes et al, 2009). Under various natural and anthropogenic stresses, such as complex urban environments (Jia et al, 2021a;Jim, 2003;Burton, 2002), high-density building layouts (Tan et al, 2016;Wong, 2010), and poor growth conditions (Jim and Zhang, 2013;Jim, 2003;Loeb, 1992;Haaften et al, 2021), street trees are prone to unhealthy conditions, such as large crown deviation, leaning, internal decay, and root damage (Meunpong et al, 2019;Jia, 2014;Shu et al, 2011;Gao and Liu, 2014).. Severe weather events such as strong winds and heavy rain can trigger various risks, such as the breaking and falling of branches, trunks, or the entire tree (Gao and Liu, 2014), posing serious threats to urban tra c and the safety of residents and their property (Jia et al, 2021a;Lazim and Misni, 2016;Lopes et al, 2009).…”