(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.Silver nanoparticles are one of the most important materials in the nanotechnology industry. Additionally, the protein corona is emerging as a key entity at the nanobiointerface; thus, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between proteins and silver nanoparticles is imperative. Therefore, literature reporting studies involving both single molecule protein coronas (i.e., bovine and human serum albumin, tubulin, ubiquitin and hyaluronic-binding protein) and complex protein coronas (i.e., fetal bovine serum and yeast extract proteins) were selected to demonstrate the effects of protein coronas on silver nanoparticle cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity.There is evidence that distinct and differential protein components may yield a "protein corona signature" that is related to the size and/or surface curvature of the silver nanoparticles. Therefore, the formation of silver nanoparticle protein coronas together with the biological response to these coronas (i.e., oxidative stress, inflammation and cytotoxicity) as well as other cellular biophysicochemical mechanisms (i.e., endocytosis, biotransformation and biodistribution) will be important for nanomedicine and nanotoxicology. Researchers may benefit from the information contained herein to improve biotechnological applications of silver nanoparticles and to address related safety concerns. In summary, the main aim of this mini-review is to highlight the relationship between the formation of silver nanoparticle protein coronas and toxicity.
Keywords: Silver nanoparticles ; Protein corona; Cytotoxicity
BackgroundRecently, silver nanoparticles have received a great deal of attention because of their distinctive physicochemical and biological properties. This interest originated with the use of silver nanoparticles in many different products because of their exceptionally small size and their potential antibacterial effect [1][2][3]. Currently, silver nanoparticles are primarily used for catalysis, transport, sensing and many other biological and medical applications [4,5]. However, these applications have increased the possibility of living organisms being directly or indirectly exposed to silver nanoparticles, which could induce numerous deleterious effects on human health and the environment. The adverse effects (primary or secondary) of silver nanoparticles on organs can extend into the cardiovascular or central nervous system, thereby causing neurotoxicity or immunotoxicity [6,7].
Important aspects of interactions between silver nanoparticle and cellular systemsThe cytotoxicity and genotox...