Glycosyl glycerides from hydroponic Panax ginseng inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells

Abstract

BackgroundAlthough the aerial parts of hydroponic Panax ginseng are reported to contain higher contents of total ginsenosides than those of roots, the isolation and identification of active metabolites from the aerial parts of hydroponic P. ginseng have not been carried out so far.MethodsThe aerial parts of hydroponic P. ginseng were applied on repeated silica gel and octadecylsilane columns to yield four glycosyl glycerides (Compounds 1–4), which were identified based on nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data. Compounds 1–4 were evaluated for inhibition activity on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.Results and conclusionThe glycosyl glycerides were identified to be (2S)-1-O-7(Z),10(Z),13(Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (1), (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (2), (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-2-O-linolenoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (3), and 2(S)-1-O-linoleoyl-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (4). Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate inhibition activity on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells [half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50): 63.8 ± 6.4μM and 59.4 ± 6.8μM, respectively] without cytotoxicity at concentrations < 100μM, whereas Compounds 3 and 4 showed good inhibition effect (IC50: 7.7 ± 0.6μM and 8.0 ± 0.9μM, respectively) without cytotoxicity at concentrations < 20μM. All isolated compounds showed reduced messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in LPS-induced macrophage cells with strong inhibition of mRNA activity observed for Compounds 3 and 4.

Thymoquinone: An IRAK1 inhibitor with in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities

“…This inflammatory response includes the induction of intracellular signaling that involves inhibition of tyrosine kinases (Src, Syk, JAK, and interleukin receptor-associated kinase [IRAK1]), AGC protein kinase, and κB kinase (IKK), which in turn activate nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) and induce the gene expression of numerous inflammation-regulatory proteins such as cyclooxygenase (COX)−2, lipoxygenase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 8 9 10 11 . Subsequently, a variety of inflammatory mediators including leukotrienes, histamines, prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, and chemokines are released and further promote the chemotactic response in neighboring inflammatory cells, inducing the biosynthesis of hydrolytic enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases 12 13 . Although all of these reactions induce resistance against pathogenic infection, chronically prolonged inflammatory events can result in serious diseases.…”

Improved Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Anti-adipogenic Properties of Hydroponic Ginseng Fermented by Leuconostoc mesenteroides KCCM 12010P

“…Analysis of NO produced in RAW 264.7 cell was carried out using the method of Cha et al [28]. The RAW 264.7 cells were seeded in a microplate.…”

Fermentation enhances the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Bat Faeces (Ye Ming Sha) via the ERK, p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 cells

“…Exposure to LPS leads to increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which in turn increases the levels of nitric oxide (NO) resulting in inflammation [9,10]. NF-κB activation and signaling play a central role, releasing inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in LPS-induced inflammatory RAW 264.7 cells [11,12]. Phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is also associated with inflammatory responses including mitosis, differentiation, and cell survival/apoptosis [13].…”