Glycerol Monolaurate Inhibits Lipase Production by Clinical Ocular Isolates Without Affecting Bacterial Cell Viability

Flanagan, Judith; Khandekar, Neeta; Zhu, Hua; Watanabe, Keizo; Markoulli, Maria; Flanagan, John T; Papas, Eric

doi:10.1167/iovs.15-17180

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…S. aureus was much pathogenic with a high level of lipase production, 53 but in our study its relative abundance was markedly lower than S. epidermidis in all groups. Using culture-based methods, the positively isolated S. epidermidis from the ocular surface of patients with MGD was found to be at a higher rate than S. aureus, 13,15,16 which was consistent with our results.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

“…52 The lipase production of Staphylococcus isolated from the ocular surface is significantly higher than that of Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium. 53 Bacterial lipases can affect the composition of the meibum secreted from meibomian glands. Altered meibum and increased bacterial toxin not only contribute to the changes in composition of the lipid layer of patients with MGD, but also result in tear film instability, meibomiantis, ocular surface irritation, and inflammation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Composition and Diversity of Bacterial Community on the Ocular Surface of Patients With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

Dong

Wang

et al. 2019

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. To investigate the composition and diversity of bacterial community on the ocular surface of patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) via 16S rDNA sequencing. METHODS. Forty-seven patients with MGD, who were divided into groups of mild, moderate, and severe MGD, and 42 sex-and age-matched participants without MGD (control group) were enrolled. Samples were collected from the upper and lower conjunctival sac of one randomly chosen eye of each participant. Through sequencing the hypervariable region of 16S rDNA gene obtained from samples, differences in the taxonomy and diversity between groups were compared. RESULTS. Principle coordinate analysis showed significantly distinct clustering of the conjunctival sac bacterial community between the severe MGD group and the other groups. At the phylum level, the relative abundances of Firmicutes (31.70% vs. 19.67%) and Proteobacteria (27.46% vs. 14.66%) were significantly higher (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U), and the abundance of Actinobacteria (34.17% vs. 56.98%) was lower in MGD than controls (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U). At the genus level, the abundances of Staphylococcus (20.71% vs. 7.88%) and Sphingomonas (5.73% vs. 0.79%) in patients with MGD were significantly higher than the controls (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U), while the abundance of Corynebacterium (20.22% vs. 46.43%) was significantly lower (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U). The abundance of Staphylococcus was positively correlated with the meiboscores in patients with MGD (r ¼ 0.650, P < 0.001, Spearman). CONCLUSIONS. Patients with MGD can have various degrees of bacterial microbiota imbalance in the conjunctival sac. Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Sphingomonas may play roles in the pathophysiology of MGD.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition and Diversity of Bacterial Community on the Ocular Surface of Patients With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

Dong

Wang

et al. 2019

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…reportedly produce relatively low lipase activity. 49 Thus, a dysbiosis of meibum and/or conjunctiva could degrade meibomian lipids, results in meibomitis, 50 unstable tear film, 51 and ocular surface inflammation. 23 Antimicrobial agents, such as minocycline and azithromycin, may contribute to a recovery from a dysbiosis of the ocular surface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microbiome of the Meibum and Ocular Surface in Healthy Subjects

Suzuki

Sutani

Nakai

et al. 2020

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the microbiome in the meibum, conjunctival sac, and eyelid skin in young and elderly healthy subjects, and analyze the effect that age, sex, and region have on microbiome composition. METHODS. This study involved 36 healthy subjects (young-age subjects: 9 men/9 women, age range: 20-35 years; elderly age subjects: 9 men/9 women, age range: 60-70 years). In all subjects, lower-eyelid meibum, lower conjunctival sac, and lower-eyelid skin specimens were collected from one eye, and then stored at-20°C. Taxonomic composition of the microbiome was obtained via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and then analyzed. RESULTS. The meibum microbiome showed a high α-diversity (within-community diversity), particularly in the young subjects. However, in approximately 30% of the elderly subjects, a low-diversity microbiome dominated by Corynebacterium sp. or Neisseriaceae was observed. In the young subjects, the microbiome of the meibum resembled that of the conjunctival-sac, yet in the elderly subjects, the microbiome of the conjunctival-sac became more similar to that of the eyelid skin. The eyelid-skin microbiome was relatively simple, and was typically dominated by Propionibacterium acnes in the young subjects, or by Corynebacterium sp. or Neisseriaceae in the elderly subjects. In both age groups, no significant difference was seen between the men and women in regard to the meibum, conjunctival-sac, and eyelid-skin microbiome. CONCLUSIONS. Our findings confirmed that the meibum of healthy adult-age subjects harbors highly diverse microbiota, and revealed that the meibum microbiome, especially the decrease of its diversity, alters with aging and may affect the homeostasis of the ocular surface.

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“…The compound acts as an oxidant and its bacteriocidal effect is the result of lipid peroxidation or halogenation 15. If a reduction in the bacterial load occurs without the loss of commensal bacteria species,22 treatment with HOCl hygiene solution could be beneficial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A perturbation of the skin microbiome can lead to a pathologic imbalance of commensal bacteria 22,23. This imbalance can trigger release of lipopolysaccharides, exotoxins, and lipase activation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction in bacterial load using hypochlorous acid hygiene solution on ocular skin

Stroman¹,

Mintun²,

Epstein³

et al. 2017

OPTH

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PurposeTo examine the magnitude of bacterial load reduction on the surface of the periocular skin 20 minutes after application of a saline hygiene solution containing 0.01% pure hypochlorous acid (HOCl).MethodsMicrobiological specimens were collected immediately prior to applying the hygiene solution and again 20 minutes later. Total microbial colonies were counted and each unique colony morphology was processed to identify the bacterial species and to determine the susceptibility profile to 15 selected antibiotics.ResultsSpecimens were analyzed from the skin samples of 71 eyes from 36 patients. Prior to treatment, 194 unique bacterial isolates belonging to 33 different species were recovered. Twenty minutes after treatment, 138 unique bacterial isolates belonging to 26 different species were identified. Staphylococci accounted for 61% of all strains recovered and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains comprised 60% of the staphylococcal strains. No substantial differences in the distribution of Gram-positive, Gram-negative, or anaerobic species were noted before and after treatment. The quantitative data demonstrated a >99% reduction in the staphylococcal load on the surface of the skin 20 minutes following application of the hygiene solution. The total S. epidermidis colony-forming units were reduced by 99.5%. The HOCl hygiene solution removed staphylococcal isolates that were resistant to multiple antibiotics equally well as those isolates that were susceptible to antibiotics.ConclusionThe application of a saline hygiene solution preserved with pure HOCl acid reduced the bacterial load significantly without altering the diversity of bacterial species remaining on the skin under the lower eyelid.

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Glycerol Monolaurate Inhibits Lipase Production by Clinical Ocular Isolates Without Affecting Bacterial Cell Viability

Cited by 13 publications

References 40 publications

Composition and Diversity of Bacterial Community on the Ocular Surface of Patients With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

Composition and Diversity of Bacterial Community on the Ocular Surface of Patients With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

The Microbiome of the Meibum and Ocular Surface in Healthy Subjects

Reduction in bacterial load using hypochlorous acid hygiene solution on ocular skin

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