Global usage of toxaphene

Voldner, E.C.; Li, Y.F.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(93)90402-q

Cited by 113 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…CHBs have been used less in Western Europe than on the American Continent (de Boer and Wester, 1993;Voldner and Li, 1993). It would therefore be reasonable to expect that levels of CHBs in the European Arctic would be lower than those in the North American Arctic Zhu and Nordstrom, 1993;Wolkers et al, 1998Wolkers et al, , 2000Føreid et al, 2000).…”

Section: Spatial Trends Of Chb Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although this substance is no longer manufactured or used in the USA, CHBs and similar products are still used in Central and South America, Africa, Eastern Europe, the Indian subcontinent and in regions of the former Soviet Union (Voldner and Li, 1993;de March et al, 1998;de Geus et al, 1999). This pesticide has never been used in Norway (Voldner and Li, 1993;Fjeld et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Levels of toxaphene congeners in white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway

Andersen

Føreid

Skaare

et al. 2006

Science of The Total Environment

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This study reports concentrations of three pesticide toxaphene congeners (CHBs; from the blubber of ten adult, male white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway. The CHB congeners that occurred at the highest levels in the blubber of the white whales were, as expected, CHB-26 (4636 F 1992 (SD) ng/g l.w.) and CHB-50 (6579 F 2214 ng/g l.w.); CHB-62 (232 F 231 ng/g l.w.) was also present, but at much lower concentrations. The mean level of the sum of the three CHBs (ACHBs = 11,447 F 4208 ng/g l.w.) in this study is more than twice the mean concentrations of the well-known organochlorine (OC) pollutants ADDTs (sum of ppV-DDT, ppV-DDE, ppV-DDD) and APCBs (sum of 27 PCB congeners) previously reported from the same individual white whales. The concentrations of CHBs in white whales from Svalbard are at the high end of the range for concentrations of these compounds compared to other Arctic white whale populations. Additionally, the contribution of CHBs to the overall OC burden is larger in white whales from Svalbard compared with their counterparts from other areas in the Arctic. Male white whales from Svalbard have several orders of magnitude higher concentrations of ACHBs compared to seals and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the same area. The high levels of CHBs in these whales, and their dominance in the OC pattern, suggests that white whales in Svalbard are exposed to high levels of this group of contaminants. Further studies are needed to investigate possible effects of CHBs and other OC contaminants on the white whale population in Svalbard. D 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Section: Spatial Trends Of Chb Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of toxaphene congeners in white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway

Andersen

Føreid

Skaare

et al. 2006

Science of The Total Environment

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show abstract

“…Staff at CGEIC have been collecting and compiling data on persistent pesticides, such as aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, technical HCH, lindane, DDT, chlordane, endosulphane, heptachlor, and toxaphene [Votdner and Li, 1993Li, , 1995 [Li, 1999a], gridded usage data on a 1øxl ø longitude and latitude grid system have been produced by using the gridded cropland as the surrogate data [Li, 1999b] and global gridded political unit data set [Li, 1996]. These gridded usage data for technical HCH [Li, 1999b] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global gridded emission inventories of α‐hexachlorocyclohexane

Li¹,

Scholtz²,

Heyst³

2000

J. Geophys. Res.

100

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“…This may be because more detailed information on usage was received from these countries, whereas in other countries information often is not recorded or is kept confidential (41). El-Sebae et al (28) report that toxaphene continues to be used in African countries, especially Ethiopia, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda where field runoff eventually flows into the Nile and ultimately into the Mediterranean Sea.…”

Section: Physical and Chemical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its use in livestock dips as a miticide and in lakes as a piscicide to control rough fish populations has been widely reported (1). The interpolated total global use between 1950 to 1993 was 1330 x 106 kg and from 1970 to 1993, 670 x 106 kg (41). This estimation was based on data from the literature and on contacts with international agencies and researchers; data quality varies and shows large spatial and temporal gaps.…”

Section: Physical and Chemical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%