Global Taxonomic, Functional, and Phylogenetic Biogeography of Bees in Apple Orchards

Potential for climate change driven spatial mismatches between apple crops and their wild bee pollinators at a continental scale

“…We selected key apple-pollinating bee species (KABS) using two methodologies. Using the CliPS (Climate change and its effect on Pollination Services) study conducted in 2019 across 88 commercial apple orchards in fifteen European countries (Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain and the United Kingdom) (see Table S1, Leclercq et al (2022) and Leclercq et al, (2023), for site information and the methodology behind their selection). Any species that was found within the top 5% of species visiting the apple blossoms in two or more sites was classified as a KABS.…”