Global latitudinal species diversity gradient in deep-sea benthic foraminifera

Culver, Stephen J.; Buzas, Martin A.

doi:10.1016/s0967-0637(99)00055-2

Cited by 105 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…foraminiferans (Culver & Buzas 2000) or marine macrobenthos (Rex et al 1993, Gray 2002. Nevertheless, comprehensive meta-analysis does not show any consistent differences between hemispheres, despite some variations among the oceans (Hillebrand 2004).…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Broad-scale patterns in local diversity of marine benthic harpacticoid copepods (Crustacea)

Azovsky¹,

Garlitska²,

Chertoprud³

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The α and β diversity of benthic harpacticoids were estimated using 103 published datasets from all over the world, with depths ranging from the intertidal zone to 5600 m. α diversity (expected number of species per 100 individuals) was correlated with organic matter flux to the bottom, and this effect was depth-dependent, with the correlation being negative from the shallowest waters up to 33 m and positive in deeper waters. α diversity was also positively correlated with depth itself and depended on the sediment properties and duration of study, but showed no latitudinal trend. β diversity (estimated as the slope of the species accumulation curve) was negatively correlated with latitude and positively correlated with the spatial extent and depth range of sampling. The effect of latitude and extent was mainly pronounced for the intertidal zone, whereas the depth range was the most significant factor in the deep waters. Additionally, β diversity was higher on sands and mixed sediments than on silt or mud. Latitude explained 45% of the β diversity variation in the littoral zone, 18% in the upper sublittoral, and less than 5% in deeper zones. Thus, α and β diversity act as independent and spatially uncorrelated components of overall regional diversity, driven by different mechanisms. Variations in β diversity presumably reflect spatial heterogeneity and form the latitudinal gradient in the shallowest waters. Deeper, trophic conditions play the leading role, and thus α diversity contributes the major proportion of the total diversity variance there and is responsible for the bathymetric gradient.KEY WORDS: Harpacticoida · α diversity · β diversity · Latitude · Depth · Productivity Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 460: [63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77] 2012 the equator has been observed for some groups, e.g. foraminiferans (Culver & Buzas 2000) or marine macrobenthos (Rex et al. 1993, Gray 2002. Nevertheless, comprehensive meta-analysis does not show any consistent differences between hemispheres, despite some variations among the oceans (Hillebrand 2004). The strength of the gradient varies systematically with body mass across organism groups, generally decreasing or even vanishing for the smallest organisms (Hillebrand & Azovsky 2001, Hillebrand 2004. For macrofauna, latitudinal patterns are not identical, however. Some of regional studies have failed to detect this pattern (e.g. peaks in diversity at midlatitude in both Atlantic and Pacific gastropods, Roy et al. 1998); or even showed regionally opposite trends (Renaud et al. 2009 and references therein). It is unclear whether these differences are caused by regional peculiarities or by the restricted geographical range of stations sampled (Renaud et al. 2009). Furthermore, regional diversity shows consistently stronger and steeper latitudinal gradients than local (α) diversity (Clarke & Lidgard 2000, Hillebrand 2004, thus posing the question of systematic varia...

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Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Decreasing α diversity with increasing latitude has been shown for deep-sea benthic foraminifera (Culver & Buzas 2000, Corliss at al. 2009).…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 94%

Broad-scale patterns in local diversity of marine benthic harpacticoid copepods (Crustacea)

Azovsky¹,

Garlitska²,

Chertoprud³

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…There are also major differences in their faunal characteristics (Dayton, 1990;Clarke and Johnston, 2003), as well as contrasting macro-ecological patterns (Brandt et al, 2009;Yasuhara et al, 2012b). For example, the Arctic seafloor has many more surface-burrowing species, such as echiurans, polychaetes, echinoderms and crustaceans, relative to the Antarctic (Dayton, 1990), but deep-sea diversity is generally much lower in the Arctic (Culver and Buzas, 2000). This difference is thought to reflect more glacial disturbance and insufficient time for recolonization in the Arctic, as well as fluctuations in surface productivity and reduced circulation during glacial episodes (Culver and Buzas, 2000).…”

Section: The Polar Deep Seasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major impacts of climate change on deep-sea benthic ecosystems

Sweetman

Thurber

Smith

et al. 2017

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

271

297

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The deep sea encompasses the largest ecosystems on Earth. Although poorly known, deep seafloor ecosystems provide services that are vitally important to the entire ocean and biosphere. Rising atmospheric greenhouse gases are bringing about significant changes in the environmental properties of the ocean realm in terms of water column oxygenation, temperature, pH and food supply, with concomitant impacts on deep-sea ecosystems. Projections suggest that abyssal (3000-6000 m) ocean temperatures could increase by 1°C over the next 84 years, while abyssal seafloor habitats under areas of deep-water formation may experience reductions in water column oxygen concentrations by as much as 0.03 mL L -1 by 2100. Bathyal depths (200-3000 m) worldwide will undergo the most significant reductions in pH in all oceans by the year 2100 (0.29 to 0.37 pH units). O 2 concentrations will also decline in the bathyal NE Pacific and Southern Oceans, with losses up to 3.7% or more, especially at intermediate depths. Another important environmental parameter, the flux of particulate organic matter to the seafloor, is likely to decline significantly in most oceans, most notably in the abyssal and bathyal Indian Ocean where it is predicted to decrease by 40-55% by the end of the century. Unfortunately, how these major changes will affect deep-seafloor ecosystems is, in some cases, very poorly understood. In this paper, we provide a detailed overview of the impacts of these changing environmental parameters on deep-seafloor ecosystems that will most likely be seen by 2100 in continental margin, abyssal and polar settings. We also consider how these changes may combine with other anthropogenic stressors (e.g., fishing, mineral mining, oil and gas extraction) to further impact deep-seafloor ecosystems and discuss the possible societal implications.

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“…In the Northern Hemisphere, these poleward declines in diversity are well known for the biotas of terrestrial (5), fresh-water (6), coastal-marine (7), and open-ocean pelagic (8) environments. Recently, LSDGs were discovered in the deep sea (9)(10)(11)(12), an environment long considered to be uniform throughout and insulated from the global climatic gradients that ultimately appear to shape major biogeographic patterns in surface ecosystems.…”

Section: Latitudinal Species Diversity Gradients (Lsdgs) In the Northernmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results suggest that deep-sea LSDGs in all three of these macrofaunal taxa in the North Atlantic largely do ref lect species richness and that there remains a subordinate independent decrease in evenness at higher latitudes in gastropods and isopods. Species richness in an important deep-sea meiofaunal taxon, the foraminiferans, also shows latitudinal gradients at bathyal depths in the North and South Atlantic (12).…”

Section: Latitudinal Species Diversity Gradients (Lsdgs) In the Northernmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latitudinal gradients of species richness in the deep-sea benthos of the North Atlantic

Rex

Stuart

Coyne

2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

165

127

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Latitudinal species diversity gradients (LSDGs) in the NorthernHemisphere are the most well established biogeographic patterns on Earth. Despite long-standing interest in LSDGs as a central problem in ecology, their explanation remains uncertain. In terrestrial as well as coastal and pelagic marine ecosystems, these poleward declines in diversity typically have been represented and interpreted in terms of species richness, the number of coexisting species. Newly discovered LSDGs in the bathyal (500 -4,000 m) benthos of the North Atlantic may help to resolve the underlying causes of these large-scale trends because the deep sea is such a physically distinct environment. However, a major problem in comparing surface and deep-sea LSDGs is that the latter have been measured differently, by using species diversity indices that are affected by both species richness and the evenness of relative abundance. Here, we demonstrate that deep-sea isopods, gastropods, and bivalves in the North Atlantic do exhibit poleward decreases in species richness, just as those found in other environments. A comprehensive systematic revision of the largest deepsea gastropod family (Turridae) has provided a unique database on geographic distributions that is directly comparable to those used to document LSDGs in surface biotas. This taxon also shows a poleward decline in the number of species. Seasonal organic enrichment from sinking phytodetritus is the most plausible ecological explanation for deep-sea LSDGs and is the environmental factor most consistently associated with depressed diversity in a variety of bathyal habitats. N ew theoretical perspectives on large-scale biogeographic phenomena (1, 2) and the global biodiversity crisis (3, 4) have refocused the attention of ecologists on one of the most conspicuous and still perplexing patterns in nature-latitudinal species diversity gradients (LSDGs). In the Northern Hemisphere, these poleward declines in diversity are well known for the biotas of terrestrial (5), fresh-water (6), coastal-marine (7), and open-ocean pelagic (8) environments. Recently, LSDGs were discovered in the deep sea (9-12), an environment long considered to be uniform throughout and insulated from the global climatic gradients that ultimately appear to shape major biogeographic patterns in surface ecosystems.An important difficulty in comparing deep-sea and surface LSDGs is that fundamentally different methods have been used to assess species diversity. In terrestrial and shallow marine habitats, patterns of diversity traditionally have been measured in terms of species richness, the number of coexisting species per unit area or within a latitudinal band, compiled from distributional maps of individual species. This approach is possible because the long history of exploration and taxonomic research in these accessible environments has permitted reasonably accurate descriptions of species' ranges. In contrast, large-scale patterns of community structure in the deep sea have been detected by deploying remote sampling ...

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Global latitudinal species diversity gradient in deep-sea benthic foraminifera

Cited by 105 publications

References 28 publications

Broad-scale patterns in local diversity of marine benthic harpacticoid copepods (Crustacea)

Broad-scale patterns in local diversity of marine benthic harpacticoid copepods (Crustacea)

Major impacts of climate change on deep-sea benthic ecosystems

Latitudinal gradients of species richness in the deep-sea benthos of the North Atlantic

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