Global diversity and geography of soil fungi

Tedersoo, Leho; Bahram, Mohammad; Põlme, Sergei; Kõljalg, Urmas; Yorou, Nourou S.; Wijesundera, R.L.C.; Villarreal-Ruiz, Luis; Vasco-Palacios, Aída M.; Thu, Phạm Quang; Suija, Ave; Smith, Matthew E.; Sharp, C.; Saluveer, Erki; Saitta, Alessandro; Rosas, Miguel; Riit, Taavi; Ratkowsky, David A.; Pritsch, Karin; Põldmaa, Kadri; Piepenbring, Meike; Phosri, Cherdchai; Peterson, Marko; Parts, Kaarin; Pärtel, Kadri; Otsing, Eveli; Nouhra, Eduardo; Njouonkou, André Ledoux; Nilsson, R. Henrik; Morgado, Luis; Mayor, Jordan R.; May, Tom W.; Majuakim, Luiza; Lodge, D. Jean; Lee, Su S ee; Larsson, Karl ­Henrik; Kohout, Petr; Hosaka, Kentaro; Hiiesalu, Indrek; Henkel, Terry W.; Harend, Helery; Guo, Liang; Greslebin, Alina Gabriela; Grelet, Gwen; Geml, József; Gates, Genevieve; Dunstan, W.; Dunk, Chris R.; Drenkhan, Rein; Dearnaley, J. D. W.; Kesel, André De; Dang, Tan An; Chen, Xin; Buegger, Franz; Brearley, Francis Q.; Bonito, Gregory; Anslan, Sten; Abell-Davis, Sandra E.; Abarenkov, Kessy

doi:10.1126/science.1256688

Cited by 2,551 publications

(2,491 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…DNA was isolated using the PowerSoil DNA Elution Accessory Kit (Mo Bio). Like other large-scale sequencing studies 11,49 , only DNA was used in this study, not RNA, which can also be retained in sediments, even ancient ones 50,51 . See Supplementary Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasites dominate hyperdiverse soil protist communities in Neotropical rainforests

et al. 2017

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High animal and plant richness in tropical rainforest communities has long intrigued naturalists. It is unknown if similar hyperdiversity patterns are reflected at the microbial scale with unicellular eukaryotes (protists). Here we show, using environmental metabarcoding of soil samples and a phylogeny-aware cleaning step, that protist communities in Neotropical rainforests are hyperdiverse and dominated by the parasitic Apicomplexa, which infect arthropods and other animals. These host-specific parasites potentially contribute to the high animal diversity in the forests by reducing population growth in a density-dependent manner. By contrast, too few operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of Oomycota were found to broadly drive high tropical tree diversity in a host-specific manner under the Janzen-Connell model. Extremely high OTU diversity and high heterogeneity between samples within the same forests suggest that protists, not arthropods, are the most diverse eukaryotes in tropical rainforests. Our data show that protists play a large role in tropical terrestrial ecosystems long viewed as being dominated by macroorganisms.S ince the works of early naturalists such as von Humboldt and Bonpland 1 , we have known that animal and plant communities in tropical rainforests are exceedingly species rich. For example, one hectare can contain more than 400 tree species 2 and one tree can harbour more than 40 ant species 3 . This hyperdiversity of trees has been partially explained by the Janzen-Connell model 4,5 , which hypothesizes that host-specific predators and parasites reduce plant population growth in a density-dependent manner 6,7 . Sampling up in the tree canopies and below on the ground has further led to the view that arthropods are the most diverse eukaryotes in tropical rainforests 8,9 .The focus on eukaryotic macroorganisms in these studies is primarily because they are familiar and readily observable to us. We do not know whether the less familiar and less readily observable protists-microbial eukaryotes that are not animals, plants or fungi 10 -inhabiting these same ecosystems exhibit similar diversity patterns. To evaluate if macroorganismic diversity patterns are reflected at the microbial scale with protists, we conducted an environmental DNA metabarcoding study by sampling soils in 279 locations in a variety of lowland Neotropical forest types in La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, Barro Colorado Island, Panama and Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador. This metabarcoding approach has the power to uncover known and new taxa on a massive scale 11 . By amplifying DNA extracted from the soils with broadly targeted primers for the V4 region of 18S rRNA and sequencing it using the Illumina MiSeq platform, we were able to detect most eukaryotic lineages, and assess the diversity and relative dominance of free-living and parasitic lineages.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasites dominate hyperdiverse soil protist communities in Neotropical rainforests

et al. 2017

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“…Sequence-based identifications were made by searching with Blastn in the UNITE+INSD database of fungal nucleotide sequences (Abarenkov et al 2010; Tedersoo et al 2014)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community structure of endophytic fungi of four mangrove species in Southern China

Sun

Chen

et al. 2016

Mycology

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Mangrove forests play an important role in subtropical and tropical coastal ecosystems. Endophytic fungi are widely distributed in various ecosystems and have great contribution to global biodiversity. In order to better understand the effects of mangrove species and tissue types on endophytic fungal community, we investigated cultivable endophytic fungi in leaves and twigs of four mangroves Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Kandelia candel in Guangxi, China. The four tree species had similar overall colonisation rates of endophytic fungi (24–33%). The colonisation rates of endophytic fungi were higher in twigs (30–58%) than in leaves (6–25%) in the four plant species. A total of 36 endophytic fungal taxa were identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular data, including 35 Ascomycota and 1 Basidiomycota, dominated by Phomopsis, Phyllosticta, Xylaria, Leptosphaerulina, and Pestalotiopsis. The diversity of endophytic fungi was higher in twigs than in leaves in the four plant species. Some endophytic fungi showed host and tissue preference. The endophytic fungal community composition was different among four mangrove species and between leaf and twig tissues.

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“…Ectomycorrhizal communities generally contain high numbers of fungal taxa associating with a low diversity of host plants (Tedersoo et al. 2014; van der Heijden et al. 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2011; Tedersoo et al. 2014). Still, we know little about underground plant–fungal network architecture in most ecosystems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi and low host specificity in a coastal sand dune ecosystem revealed by network analysis

Roy‐Bolduc

Laliberté

Hijri

2015

Ecology and Evolution

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Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi are ubiquitous in temperate and boreal forests, comprising over 20,000 species forming root symbiotic associations with Pinaceae and woody angiosperms. As much as 100 different EM fungal species can coexist and interact with the same tree species, forming complex multispecies networks in soils. The degree of host specificity and structural properties of these interaction networks (e.g., nestedness and modularity) may influence plant and fungal community assembly and species coexistence, yet their structure has been little studied in northern coniferous forests, where trees depend on EM fungi for nutrient acquisition. We used high‐throughput sequencing to characterize the composition and diversity of bulk soil and root‐associated fungal communities in four co‐occurring Pinaceae in a relic foredune plain located at Îles de la Madeleine, Québec, Canada. We found high EM fungal richness across the four hosts, with a total of 200 EM operational taxonomic units (OTUs), mainly belonging to the Agaricomycetes. Network analysis revealed an antinested pattern in both bulk soil and roots EM fungal communities. However, there was no detectable modularity (i.e., subgroups of interacting species) in the interaction networks, indicating a low level of specificity in these EM associations. In addition, there were no differences in EM fungal OTU richness or community structure among the four tree species. Limited shared resources and competitive exclusion typically restrict the number of taxa coexisting within the same niche. As such, our finding of high EM fungal richness and low host specificity highlights the need for further studies to determine the mechanisms enabling such a large number of EM fungal species to coexist locally on the same hosts.

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Global diversity and geography of soil fungi

Cited by 2,551 publications

References 52 publications

Parasites dominate hyperdiverse soil protist communities in Neotropical rainforests

Parasites dominate hyperdiverse soil protist communities in Neotropical rainforests

Community structure of endophytic fungi of four mangrove species in Southern China

High richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi and low host specificity in a coastal sand dune ecosystem revealed by network analysis

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