2020
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
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Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available po… Show more

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Cited by 4,582 publications
(2,238 citation statements)
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References 42 publications
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“…We chose to use FPG as one of the necessary inclusion criteria of MetS diagnosis for several reasons. It is known that high FPG and T2D are common and associated with an increased risk of CVD and mortality [ 4 , 56 ]. High FPG is a prevalent component of MetS-component clusters which are frequent and have an increased cardiovascular risk [ 1 , 57 , 58 , 59 ].…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We chose to use FPG as one of the necessary inclusion criteria of MetS diagnosis for several reasons. It is known that high FPG and T2D are common and associated with an increased risk of CVD and mortality [ 4 , 56 ]. High FPG is a prevalent component of MetS-component clusters which are frequent and have an increased cardiovascular risk [ 1 , 57 , 58 , 59 ].…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…From the epidemiologic perspective, hypoxia has major significance as an important risk factor for population health because it is not only the prominent feature in the high-altitude populations, but also involved in the pathophysiology of many cardiac diseases, including ischemic heart disease (IHD), cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, and heart failure (Abe et al, 2017 ). In 2019, the prevalent cases of ischemic and hypertensive heart disease were estimated to be 197 million and 18.6 million worldwide, causing a total of 9.14 and 1.16 million deaths respectively (Roth et al, 2020 ). In these patients, microvascular dysfunction is common and the heart is associated with varying degrees of microvascular obstruction, impaired vascularization and decreased oxygen supply to cardiomyocytes, which causes chronic local hypoxia.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, certain congenital heart defects can subject patients to the effect of chronic hypoxia, a condition called cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) (Mahle et al, 2009 ). In 2019, the number of patients living with congenital heart disease was estimated to be 13 million worldwide (Roth et al, 2020 ), and nearly 20% of incident congenital heart disease cases in the newborns were CCHD (Zhao et al, 2013 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Valvular heart disease (VHD) is also a common disease worldwide [ 2 ]. The common causes of VHD are degeneration and some modifiable risk factors (such as elevated blood pressure and lipid profiles) in higher income countries, whereas rheumatic heart disease is a common cause in developing regions [ 3 ]. Importantly, AF patients with concomitant VHD are at higher risk of stroke and systemic embolism than those without VHD [ 4 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%