Glial cells in anorexia

Reyes‐Haro, Daniel

doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.983577

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(69 reference statements)

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“…The beginning of the light phase was at 6 AM. Female mice were used since a higher prevalence of AN in females is observed in humans [ 24 ]. All mice were housed individually in a cage and had unlimited access to a running wheel for the whole experiment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glial cell changes in the corpus callosum in chronically-starved mice

Zimmermann,

Böge,

Schuster

et al. 2023

J Eat Disord

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Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by emaciation, hyperactivity, and amenorrhea. Imaging studies in AN patients have revealed reductions in grey and white matter volume, which correlate with the severity of neuropsychological deficits. However, the cellular basis for the observed brain atrophy is poorly understood. Although distinct hypothalamic centers, including the arcuate nucleus (ARC) are critically involved in regulating feeding behavior, little is known about potential hypothalamic modifications in this disorder. Since glia e.g. astrocytes and microglia influence neuronal circuits, we investigated the glial changes underlying pathophysiology of starvation in the corpus callosum (CC) and hypothalamus. Female mice were given a limited amount of food once a day and had unlimited access to a running wheel until a 20% weight reduction was achieved (acute starvation). This weight reduction was maintained for two weeks to mimic chronic starvation. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantify the density of astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and the staining intensity of neuropeptide Y (NPY), a potent orexigenic peptide. Chronic starvation induced a decreased density of OLIG2+ oligodendrocytes, GFAP+ astrocytes, and IBA1+ microglia in the CC. However, the densities of glial cells remained unchanged in the ARC following starvation. Additionally, the staining intensity of NPY increased after both acute and chronic starvation, indicating an increased orexigenic signaling. Chronic starvation induced glial cell changes in the CC in a mouse model of AN suggesting that glia pathophysiology may play a role in the disease.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the POMC + cell densities in the ARC in ABA animals were increased [ 23 ]. Despite these reports, the reasons for changes in glial density due to starvation are unclear (reviewed in [ 24 ]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glial cell changes in the corpus callosum in chronically-starved mice

Zimmermann,

Böge,

Schuster

et al. 2023

J Eat Disord

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“…Interestingly, in animal models of AN, the density of astrocytic cells, as well as the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glutamate transporters (GLT-1 and GLAST), and glutamine synthetase, are reduced [ 18 , 76 ]. It was recently suggested that glial function is compromised by anorexia [ 77 ]. Therefore, it seems probable that dysfunctional glial cells produce lower quantities of KYNA.…”

Section: Tryptophan and Kynurenines In Anorexia Nervosamentioning

confidence: 99%

New Perspective on Anorexia Nervosa: Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway Hypothesis

2023

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Anorexia nervosa (AN), affecting up to 4% of all females and 0.3% of all males globally, remains the neuropsychiatric disorder with the highest mortality rate. However, the response to the current therapeutic options is rarely satisfactory. Considering the devastating prognosis of survival among patients with AN, further research aimed at developing novel, more effective therapies for AN is essential. Brain and serum tryptophan is mostly converted along the kynurenine pathway into multiple neuroactive derivatives, whereas only 1–2% is used for the synthesis of serotonin. This narrative review provides an update on the experimental and clinical research data concerning the metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway in anorexia nervosa based on the available literature. We propose that in AN, lower levels of L-kynurenine and kynurenic acid result in diminished stimulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, which could contribute to abnormally low body weight. The impact of L-kynurenine supplementation on anorexia in animal models and the effects of changes in tryptophan and downstream kynurenines on the clinical progression of AN require further investigation. Moreover, prospective clinical studies on larger cohorts of restrictive and binge-eating/purging AN patients and assessing the potential benefit of L-kynurenine as an add-on therapeutic agent, should follow.

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“…AN is associated with neuroendocrine and immune system abnormalities. For example, leptin, an essential appetite modulator involved in AN development, also regulates immune responses through microglia-induced inflammation by increasing the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1b (IL-1b) [18]. Additionally, activity-based anorexia (ABA), an AN model in rodents, reduces cortical astrocyte density, suggesting that astrocyte loss and subsequent neuroinflammation may be involved in the neurobiology of anorexia [19,20].…”

Section: Anorexia Nervosa (An)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Discoveries and Future Implications of Eating Disorders

Feng

Harms

Chen

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Eating disorders (EDs) are characterized by severe disturbances in eating behaviors and can sometimes be fatal. Eating disorders are also associated with distressing thoughts and emotions. They can be severe conditions affecting physical, psychological, and social functions. Preoccupation with food, body weight, and shape may also play an important role in the regulation of eating disorders. Common eating disorders have three major types: anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). In some cases, EDs can have serious consequences for an individual’s physical and mental health. These disorders often develop during adolescence or early adulthood and affect both males and females, although they are more commonly diagnosed in young adult females. Treatment for EDs typically involves a combination of therapy, nutrition counseling, and medical care. In this narrative review, the authors summarized what is known of EDs and discussed the future directions that may be worth exploring in this emerging area.

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Glial cells in anorexia

Cited by 5 publications

References 62 publications

Glial cell changes in the corpus callosum in chronically-starved mice

Glial cell changes in the corpus callosum in chronically-starved mice

New Perspective on Anorexia Nervosa: Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway Hypothesis

Current Discoveries and Future Implications of Eating Disorders

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