Ginsenoside F2 Reduces Hair Loss by Controlling Apoptosis through the Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein Cleavage Activating Protein and Transforming Growth Factor-β Pathways in a Dihydrotestosterone-Induced Mouse Model

Abstract

This study was conducted to test whether ginsenoside F2 can reduce hair loss by influencing sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) and the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway of apoptosis in dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-treated hair cells and in a DHT-induced hair loss model in mice. Results for ginsenoside F2 were compared with finasteride. DHT inhibits proliferation of hair cells and induces androgenetic alopecia and was shown to activate an apoptosis signal pathway both in vitro and in vivo. The cell-based 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that the proliferation rates of DHT-treated human hair dermal papilla cells (HHDPCs) and HaCaTs increased by 48% in the ginsenoside F2-treated group and by 12% in the finasteride-treated group. Western blot analysis showed that ginsenoside F2 decreased expression of TGF-β2 related factors involved in hair loss. The present study suggested a hair loss related pathway by changing SCAP related apoptosis pathway, which has been known to control cholesterol metabolism. SCAP, sterol regulatory elementbinding protein (SREBP) and caspase-12 expression in the ginsenoside F2-treated group were decreased compared to the DHT and finasteride-treated group. C57BL/6 mice were also prepared by injection with DHT and then treated with ginsenoside F2 or finasteride. Hair growth rate, density, thickness measurements and tissue histotological analysis in these groups suggested that ginsenoside F2 suppressed hair cell apoptosis and premature entry to catagen more effectively than finasteride. Our results indicated that ginsenoside F2 decreased the expression of TGF-β2 and SCAP proteins, which have been suggested to be involved in apoptosis and entry into catagen. This study provides evidence those factors in the SCAP pathway could be targets for hair loss prevention drugs.

Rice bran mineral extract increases the expression of anagen-related molecules in human dermal papilla through wnt/catenin pathway

“…Multiple abnormalities are shown during hair loss in the hair growth cycle, including curtailed anagen and premature catagen phases, and vellus hair follicles show conversion into terminal hair follicles [17]. Couchman et al reported that fibronectin was present in the DP matrix in anagen stage hair follicles and decreased in the resting stage [18].…”

“…It is well known that TGF-β2 inhibits hair growth not only by reducing the anagen stage but also by promoting early entry into the catagen stage [17]. Shin et al showed that ginsenoside F2 increased the proliferation of HHDPCs and reduced expression of TGF-β2 related factors and sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) cleavage-activating proteins (SCAPs) involved in dihydrotestosterone-induced hair loss in vitro [33].…”

“…Shin et al showed that ginsenoside F2 increased the proliferation of HHDPCs and reduced expression of TGF-β2 related factors and sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) cleavage-activating proteins (SCAPs) involved in dihydrotestosterone-induced hair loss in vitro [33]. Furthermore, expression of TGF-β2 was 51 and 72% lower than the control in the groups treated with 0.1 and 1 µM ginsenoside, respectively [17]. Kang et al reported that the ethanol extract of Schisandra nigra increased the hair fiber length of rat vibrissa follicles.…”

Promotion Effect of Apo-9′-fucoxanthinone from <i>Sargassum muticum</i> on Hair Growth <i>via</i> the Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin and VEGF-R2

“…Especially, TGF-β is the most important regulator in hair growth and the hair cycle. 33) Several studies reported that TGF-β could induce the transition of the catagen (regression) phase in the hair cycle, 34,35) indicating that the inhibition of the TGF-β pathway is associated with the promotion of hair growth.…”

Efficacy and Safety of Enzyme-Modified Panax ginseng for Anti-Wrinkle Therapy in Healthy Skin: A Single-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

“…All 16 photographs were taken with subjects looking straight ahead under constant lighting 17 conditions with the same camera, camera settings, and camera placement. Thus, a Nikon 18 D200 camera was positioned on an SVK 35D tripod to the right of the subject's face and 19 perpendicular to the area to be photographed, while an Olympus twin T28 Macroflash unit 20 was positioned with one flash head directly above the lens pointed at the subject and the other 21 directed away. Exposure was controlled by adjusting the lens aperture with the flash set on 22 manual at full output.…”