GIGANTEA directly activates
            <i>Flowering Locus T</i>
            in
            <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>

Sawa, Mariko; Kay, Steve A.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1106771108

Cited by 267 publications

(269 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…It is hard to evaluate the putative functional effect of PoGI F2_605 and other nonsynonymous changes in PoGI since, due to its very large size, the protein structure of Gigantea remains poorly characterized (Black et al 2011). It is known, however, that in Arabidopsis GI interacts with several repressors of FT, as well as with FT itself (Kim et al 2007;Sawa et al 2007;Sawa and Kay 2011). Because we have repeatedly found clines and signature of selection in both FTL2 and GI in spruce it would be highly interesting to test whether a direct interaction between GI and FTL2 exists in spruce.…”

Section: Targets Of Selection: the Key Role Of Ft And Gi In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinal Variation at Phenology-Related Genes in Spruce: Parallel Evolution in FTL2 and Gigantea?

et al. 2014

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Parallel clines in different species, or in different geographical regions of the same species, are an important source of information on the genetic basis of local adaptation. We recently detected latitudinal clines in SNPs frequencies and gene expression of candidate genes for growth cessation in Scandinavian populations of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Here we test whether the same clines are also present in Siberian spruce (P. obovata), a close relative of Norway spruce with a different Quaternary history. We sequenced nine candidate genes and 27 control loci and genotyped 14 SSR loci in six populations of P. obovata located along the Yenisei river from latitude 56°N to latitude 67°N. In contrast to Scandinavian Norway spruce that both departs from the standard neutral model (SNM) and shows a clear population structure, Siberian spruce populations along the Yenisei do not depart from the SNM and are genetically unstructured. Nonetheless, as in Norway spruce, growth cessation is significantly clinal. Polymorphisms in photoperiodic (FTL2) and circadian clock (Gigantea, GI, PRR3) genes also show significant clinal variation and/or evidence of local selection. In GI, one of the variants is the same as in Norway spruce. Finally, a strong cline in gene expression is observed for FTL2, but not for GI. These results, together with recent physiological studies, confirm the key role played by FTL2 and circadian clock genes in the control of growth cessation in spruce species and suggest the presence of parallel adaptation in these two species.I DENTIFYING the loci underlying the variation in quantitative traits and detecting the selection acting on them remains, to this day, one of the main challenges in biology (Rockman 2012;Marjoram et al. 2013). In his Nobel lecture Sidney Brenner (Brenner 2003) predicted that genome-wide association studies (GWAS) would become the main approach to identifying the genetic factors controlling complex traits. The past decade has amply vindicated Brenner's prediction: GWAS have blossomed and identified a large number of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated to various quantitative traits (Visscher et al. 2012). Limitations of GWAS have, however, started to become evident and different strategies have been offered to alleviate those (Rockman 2012;Marjoram et al. 2013;Vilhjalmsson and Nordborg 2013). In particular, GWAS have limited power unless very large data sets are used. They therefore remain prohibitively expensive, and often not so informative, for nonmodel organisms with limited or nascent genome resources such as conifers. In such organisms a more targeted strategy, combining population genetics, physiology, and expression studies of candidate genes remains a very fruitful approach, at least in the short term. We recently adopted such a strategy in an attempt to unravel the genetic basis of growth cessation, a trait of adaptive value with a strong and well-documented clinal variation, in Norway spruce (Picea abies) (Chen et al. 2012a and references therein). T...

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Section: Targets Of Selection: the Key Role Of Ft And Gi In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinal Variation at Phenology-Related Genes in Spruce: Parallel Evolution in FTL2 and Gigantea?

et al. 2014

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“…In Arabidopsis, AtCDF1 binds to both CO and FT promoters, repressing their activity and blocking flowering (Imaizumi et al, 2005;Song et al, 2012). Under LD, both CO and GI also directly bind to the promoter of FT to activate its expression (Tiwari et al, 2010;Sawa and Kay, 2011).…”

Section: Atcdf1 Functions In the Leaf As A Regulator Of Floweringmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multiple Signals That Control Tuber Formation

Hannapel

Sharma²,

Lin³

et al. 2017

Plant Physiol.

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“…of these complexes remains unknown (18). Third, GI indirectly induces FT transcription through the microRNA172 (miR172) pathway (19).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct roles of FKF1, GIGANTEA, and ZEITLUPE proteins in the regulation of CONSTANS stability in Arabidopsis photoperiodic flowering

Song

Estrada²,

Johnson

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

152

168

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Many plants measure changes in day length to synchronize their flowering time with appropriate seasons for maximum reproductive success. In Arabidopsis, the day-length-dependent regulation of CONSTANS (CO) protein stability is crucial to induce FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) expression for flowering in long days. The FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX1 (FKF1) protein binds to CO protein specifically in the long-day afternoon and stabilizes it, although the mechanism remains unknown. Here we demonstrated that the FKF1-interacting proteins GIGANTEA (GI) and ZEITLUPE (ZTL) are involved in CO stability regulation. First, our immunoprecipitationmass spectrometry analysis of FKF1 revealed that FKF1 forms an S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (Skp1)/Cullin(CUL)/F-box complex through interactions with Arabidopsis Skp1-like 1 (ASK1), ASK2, and CUL1 proteins and mainly interacts with GI protein in vivo. GI interacts with CO directly and indirectly through FKF1. Unexpectedly, the gi mutation increases the CO protein levels in the morning in long days. This gi-dependent destabilization of CO protein was cancelled by the fkf1 mutation. These results suggest that there are other factors likely influenced by both gi and fkf1 mutations that also control CO stability. We found that ZTL, which interacts with GI and FKF1, may be one such factor. ZTL also interacts with CO in vivo. The CO protein profile in the ztl mutant resembles that in the gi mutant, indicating that ZTL activity also may be changed in the gi mutant. Our findings suggest the presence of balanced regulation among FKF1, GI, and ZTL on CO stability regulation for the precise control of flowering time.photoperiodic flowering | blue-light photoreceptor | E3 ubiquitin ligase | protein degradation

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GIGANTEA directly activates Flowering Locus T in Arabidopsis thaliana

Cited by 267 publications

References 30 publications

Clinal Variation at Phenology-Related Genes in Spruce: Parallel Evolution in FTL2 and Gigantea?

Clinal Variation at Phenology-Related Genes in Spruce: Parallel Evolution in FTL2 and Gigantea?

The Multiple Signals That Control Tuber Formation

Distinct roles of FKF1, GIGANTEA, and ZEITLUPE proteins in the regulation of CONSTANS stability in Arabidopsis photoperiodic flowering

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